Conservation Tillage and Wildlife Modified by the GA Agriculture Education Curriculum Office July 2002

Tillage practices greatly influence wildlife habitats in agricultural landscapes.

1992 NRI Approximately 382 Million Acres of U.S. Cultivated Cropland

Conventional Tillage - Tillage types that leave less than 15 percent residue cover after planting, or less than 500 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion period. Generally involves plowing or intensive tillage. [CTIC-97] Conventional Tillage - Tillage types that leave less than 15 percent residue cover after planting, or less than 500 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion period. Generally involves plowing or intensive tillage. [CTIC-97] Reduced Tillage - Tillage types that leave percent residue cover after planting or 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion period. [CTIC-97] Reduced Tillage - Tillage types that leave percent residue cover after planting or 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre of small grain residue equivalent throughout the critical wind erosion period. [CTIC-97] Conservation Tillage - Any tillage and planting system in which at least 30 percent of the soil surface is covered by plant residue after planting to reduce soil erosion by water; or where soil erosion by wind is the primary concern of at least 1,000 pounds per acre of flat small grain residue equivalent are on the surface during the critical erosion period. [NRI-92] Conservation Tillage - Any tillage and planting system in which at least 30 percent of the soil surface is covered by plant residue after planting to reduce soil erosion by water; or where soil erosion by wind is the primary concern of at least 1,000 pounds per acre of flat small grain residue equivalent are on the surface during the critical erosion period. [NRI-92]

1996 CTIC data Conservation Tillage – Increasing in P opularity for its Conservation and Economic Benefits. Soil Conservation Water Quality Wildlife Habitat Conservation Benefits:

Tillage Practices Affect Wildlife in 4 Primary Ways: 1.Amount of cover provided by crop residues 2.Availability of wildlife in food crop residues 3.Timing and frequency of disturbance 4. Toxicity of nutrient inputs and pesticides

Nesting cover Winter cover Crop Residue Provides Wildlife Cover In general, the higher the amount of crop residue, the greater the value for wildlife cover. In general, the higher the amount of crop residue, the greater the value for wildlife cover. Standing crop residue is particularly important. Small mammal diversity increases with crop residue Small mammal diversity increases with crop residue

Crop Residue Provides Wildlife Food Waste grain provides food for: Waterfowl, songbirds, upland game birds, deer, small mammals, etc.

Tillage-Associated Disturbance and Wildlife Adverse effects on nesting birds in crop fields: Nest destruction Nest destruction Nest abandonment Nest abandonment Direct mortality Direct mortality

Bird species found to nest in conventionally-tilled (T) and no-till (NT) corn and soybeans (from Best 1986) CornSoybeans Species TNTT Ring-necked pheasant Killdeer Mourning dove Horned lark American robin Commonyellowthroat Bobolink Eastern meadowlark Western meadowlark Red-winged blackbird Brown-headed cowbird Dickcissel Savannah sparrow Grasshopper sparrow Vesper sparrow Field sparrow x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Vesper Sparrow Nesting Season # Nests MayJuneJulyAugAug

In general, tillage systems that reduce the number of equipment passes and leave standing crop residue improve nest success when: improve nest success except when: Reduced tillage (e.g., mulch and ridge till) systems may provide enough cover to attract nesting birds, but the level of disturbance during the crop cycle offers little chance for nest success, creating ecological traps. Frequency of disturbance may be more important than the amount of nesting cover available - no-till provides the best cover with the least amount of disturbance.

Pesticides and Wildlife Risks: Mortality Factors Contact transfer from adults to young Ingesting poisoned insects and granular pesticide products Direct spraying on eggs and young

Insecticides are Generally More Toxic to Wildlife than Herbicides, but Both May Cause Adverse Affects Producers can use scouting and other IPM measures and can select the least toxic pesticide to use where needed

Conservation Tillage Benefits In the absence of natural grasslands, croplands can provide “surrogate” grassland environments for many grassland birds and other wildlife. By providing food and cover, conservation tillage on croplands enhances habitat quality for many species. Any shift in tillage practices that increases crop residue and/or decreases disturbance is beneficial. For example: conventional to reduced tillage ridge-till to no-till

Conservation Tillage, and Especially No-Till, in Conjunction with: Integrated Pest Management, Crop rotation Nutrient management Conservation buffers Greatly improves wildlife habitats in cropland agricultural ecosystems. Conservation Tillage, and Especially No-Till, in Conjunction with: Integrated Pest Management, Crop rotation Nutrient management Conservation buffers Greatly improves wildlife habitats in cropland agricultural ecosystems.

For more information on Conservation Tillage and Wildlife See comprehensive literature review on the WHMI website