Intelligence You can’t see it- But you know it’s there!

What is intelligence?  Ability to understand complex ideas  Ability to adapt to the environment  Ability to learn from experience  Reason (conclusions based on information)

Types of Intelligence….. Crystalized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence

Theory of Multiple Intelligence Howard Gardner

Types of Intelligence….  Logical- mathematical  Verbal-linguistic  Musical  Bodily-kinesthetic  Spatial  Interpersonal  Intrapersonal  Naturalist Are these intelligence Or Talents?

Emotional Intelligence  The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.  People high in emotional intelligence are more in touch with their feelings and the feelings of others.  Strong interpersonal and intrapersonal skill

Intelligence Tests= Controversial  Not reliable prior to age 6  After middle school- little change up to age 70 (except fluid intelligence which starts to decline by age 30)  Other decline: Drugs/alcohol Chronic illness Environmental factors  Importance of Reliability and Validity

History of IQ tests…..  Alfred Binet  1904  Tried to identify “slow learners”  Original test adapted by Lewis Terman (Stanford University) in  Test became the Stanford-Binet

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Sample Stanford-Binet Questions  2 year-old: On a large paper doll; points out the hair, mouth, feet, ears, nose, hands and eyes  2 Year-old: When shown a bridge built of 4 blocks; builds one like it  3 Year-old: When shown a bridge built of 3 blocks; builds one like it  3 Year-old: when shown a drawing of a circle, copies it correctly

 4 Year-old: Fills in missing word when asked: “Brother is a boy; sister is a ____”, In daylight it is light; at night it is_____”  4 Year-old: Answers correctly: why do we have houses? Why do we have books?  5 Year-old: Define: ball, hat, stove  5 Year-old: Copies a square correctly  9 Year-old: Answers correctly when examiner says: “In an old graveyard in Spain they have discovered a small skull which they believe to be that of Christopher Columbus when he was about 10 years old. What is foolish about that?

 An adult: Can describe the difference between laziness and idleness, poverty and misery, character and reputation.  An adult: Answers correctly: which direction would you have to face so your right hand would be toward the north?

David Wechsler ( )  Developer of the most widely used individual intelligence tests in the United States, which were the first tests to report scores for both verbal and nonverbal scores.

Wechsler Intelligence Scales  Intelligence test, developed by Weschler which included:  Different tests for different age groups  Separate scores for verbal and nonverbal abilities  Subtests

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test

Achievement Tests  Tests that attempt to measure what the test-taker has accomplished.  i.e. classroom tests at the end of a unit

Aptitude Tests  Tests that attempt to predict the test- taker’s future performance.  Examples: ACT and SAT

Bell Curve for Intelligence

Mental Retardation  IQ score below 70 & a significant impairment in basic skills.  30-40% effected have no known cause  50% have organic cause (birth injury, genetic abnormality, etc.) Most commonly known  Down Syndrome  Williams Syndrome  Savant Syndrome (retardation & “island of genius”)  Autism Spectrum Disorder

Gifted Children: even the name is controversial IQ over 140 Global, integrative mental capacity- giftedness is more than just academic achievement. Lewis Terman’s 80-year study of 1,500 gifted children….. Misconceptions: gifted are peculiar gifted are physically inferior more susceptible to mental illness

Is it a Cheetah?

Is Intelligence genetic? What is the evidence? Francis Galton/Eugenics? Case for Nature  Gene studies  Scarr research  Identical twins reared apart Case for Nurture  “enriched” environment can improve school improvement (5)  Increasing IQ scores around the world= The Flynn effect  Milwaukee Project  Stereotype Threat