Agenda 4/22 Review Lecture Review Activities Questions *Put phones in folder* Turn in: Video Notes Homework: Study for Unit Exam Warm Up: Recombinant DNA

Types of Biotechnology 2

3

Wait, what is a plasmid? A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome, but can also replicate independently. 4

How do they cut out a gene? Restriction Enzymes!! 5 How do they cut the gene of interest out of the genome?

How does a fragment then get spliced in? 6

REPRODUCTIVE CLONING 7

8

REPROGRAMMING CELLS Where is your line? 9

Stem Cells What are they? Stem cells are undifferentiated, meaning that they haven’t become a “type” of cell yet. – Totipotent cells have the ability to create a whole organism, or at least all different types of tissues. – Pluripotent cells can only give rise to most types of tissues, and definitely NOT a whole organism. 10

iPS cells In 2007, the induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells were developed. Reprogramming genes are spliced into normal human somatic cells. This tricks the cell into changing from a differentiated cell into a pluripotent cell. The cell can then develop into a desired, differentiated cell of another type! THIS COULD ELIMINATE THE NEED FOR EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS! 11

FORENSIC BIOTECHNOLOGY Where is your line? 12

Forensic Biotechnology Forensic Biotechnology is used to determine the identity of certain individuals: – Criminals – Disaster victims – Biological parents 13

Electrophoresis 14

What are the components of viruses? A virus typically consists of two main types of biological molecules: – Protein – Nucleic Acids However, some are encased in membranes (phospholipids), some consisting of glycoproteins. – Which biological molecules make up these two structures? 15

Basic reproduction of a virus 16

Life Cycle of a Virus 1.The virus injects itself, or its genetic material into a host cell. 2.The genetic material then replicates and/or is transcribed into viral mRNA. 3.This viral mRNA is then translated into protein (parts of the capsid, tail fibers, etc.) 4.Then viral DNA is encased inside capsid proteins and all the part are assembled together to make multiple virus particles. 5.The new virus particles then “burst out of the cell” (lyse). 6.They are then able to go out and infect other healthy cells. 17

Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycles 18

Horizontal Gene Transfer There are ways, other than mutations, in which prokaryotes obtain antibiotic resistance through horizontal gene transfer. Transformation – the update of naked DNA (usually a plasmid) by a prokaryote Transduction – viral transmission of genetic information Conjugation – One bacterium gives resistance to another bacterium. Transposition – Movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules 19

Transformation Transformation causes a change in the genotype, and even possibly the phenotype, and occurs when a cell takes in foreign genetic material and incorporates it into its own. This causes the cell to become a recombinant cell, i.e. one that contains genetic material from more than one source. 20

Transduction Transduction is the process of viruses carrying prokaryotic genes from one bacterium to another. Do you remember how Hershey and Chase demonstrated that it was DNA, and not protein, that was the genetic material? 21

Conjugation 22

Horizontal Gene Transfer 23

Transposition Transposons have been characterized as “jumping genes.” Small DNA segments can be transferred from one place on a chromosome to another in the cell by: – “Cut and Paste” – “Copy and Paste” 24