Personality * An individual’s consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving.

Traits * Relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behavior across many situations. Eysenck: Introversion v. Extraversion; Biological Other trait theorists: Allport, Cattell Examples of Predictive Traits: Authoritarianism, individualism/collectivism, internal/external locus of control, need for achievement, self-consciousness, self-esteem, sensation seeking.

Problems with Trait Model See stable traits in others See situational influences in ourselves. Which view is correct? Mischel: low correlation across situations (r=.30) Barnum Effect

Five Factor (Big Five) Model * 5 Underlying Trait dimensions Stable over time Cross culturally shared Explain substantial proportion of behavior Most validated contemporary trait model Costa & McRae Acronym OCEAN or CANOE What do the letters stand for?

Open to experience * Curious, adventurous, appreciates art & emotion Conscientious * Self discipline, planning, achievement Extraversion * Positive emotions; enjoys company Agreeableness * Compassionate; cooperative Neuroticism * Negative emotions; instability, anxiety

Can you Label the Big Five ?

Objective Tests * Personality Inventories = questionnaires, e.g. MMPI T/F or MC; answers associated with trait or diagnosis Projective Tests * Ask for meaning of ambiguous stimuli Rorschach – ask to explain image in Inkblots Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – ask to tell stories about ambiguous pictures Personality Tests *

Freud and the Psychodynamic Approach * Unconscious mind * Memories outside awareness/not accessible Preconscious mind * Thoughts just beneath surface Voluntary access Conscious mind * Thoughts you are aware of Currently processing

Components of Personality (Freud)* A) Id Primitive impulses, unconscious pleasure principle B) Ego * Conscious, decision maker Reality Principle C) Superego * Unconscious; conscience Sense of morality; constraints of society

Can You Label the Components ? 1 2 3

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages * AgeStageCharacteristics 0-18moOral Pleasure comes from mouth: sucking, biting, chewing; emotional & physical dependency 18mo-3Anal Pleasure comes from elimination; toilet training; Retention, messiness, control issues 3-6Phallic Pleasure from genitals; attraction to opposite sex parent; identification with same sex parent; Oedipal & Electra complex 6-PubertyLatency Sexual feelings less important; associate with same sex peers & model same sex adults AdultGenital Pleasure from mature sexuality (if prior development ok); Sex is primary motivation

Label the Psychosexual Stages

Defense Mechanisms * Freud’s theory Self-protective “distortions” of the truth Unconscious strategies to defend against anxiety Repression – forgetting anxiety producing memories Example: Forgetting about a mistake you made Your example: Regression – reverting to earlier behavior patterns Example: Going “back to the bottle” under stress Your example: Displacement – divert impulses to a safer target Example: Yell at your spouse instead of the boss Your Example :

Sublimation – unacceptable impulses to better activities Example: Writing novels about unacceptable topics Your example: Rationalization – self justifying explanations Example: I deserve expensive desserts because I studied hard. Your example: Projection – attribute your impulses to others Example: She keeps starting fights (v. I start them) Your example:

Humanistic Psychology * Key Concepts: Self Concept – our beliefs about who we are Self Esteem – Positive feelings about the self Self-Actualization – motive to reach our potential Carl Rogers – best known humanist Client (Person) Centered Therapy Unconditional positive regard, empathy Non-directive approach

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Motives) Must fill lower level needs before higher level ones. Physiological Needs (water, food, sleep, sex) Safety Needs:World as Safe, Predictable Love, Belonging, Acceptance Esteem, Recognition, respect, competence Self- Actualization

Social Cognitive Theory Interactions Bandura Reciprocal Determinism * The complex interaction between personality, environment, and behavior. Bandura's theory Video

Behavioral Genetics * Scientific Research Genetic, environmental, and interactive influences on human behavior. Twin Studies Family Studies Adoption Studies Molecular Genetics (DNA) Epigenetics (environmental influences on gene expression) VideoVideo

Conclusions Genes are important Genetics is not destiny Nonshared influences more important Individuals are unique; no single explanation. All theories contribute to research and knowledge.