Desalination An Affordable Solution for Urban & Rural Water Crisis K. Syed Amir Basha Chief Technology Officer (Desalination) VA Tech Wabag

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis There is good potential for addressing the water scarcity problem in Urban and Rural areas through sustainable saline water desalination technologies. Seawater and brackish water desalination are well established industries comprising a wide variety of available technologies with decades of accumulated experience. There are many advancements and interesting evolution also taking place in desalination technologies to bring down the water cost further.

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Best available technology needs to be selected to suit the location and local conditions

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Desalination For Urban Areas: Much of the world’s desalination technology experience today is related to large urban supply plants on the sea coast that are either connected to the grid, or are themselves part of large power and desalination cogeneration plants. India having a very long coast line, the experience gained from Chennai Metro Water’s 100 MLD SWRO Plant ,built by Wabag, gives more confidence in meeting the water demand in Coastal cities. Nemmeli 100 MLD SWRO Plant, Chennai

9255 m3 /hour 6000 m3 /hour

SWRO at Al Ghubrah PROJECT-HIGHLIGHTS – Desalination Reverse Osmosis – Drinking water Key Data Location: Muscat Sultanate of Oman Type: DBO Capacity: 190,000 m3/d Start-up: 2015 WABAG is building a sea water desalination plant in Muscat, Oman for the Oman Power & Water Procurement Co. The new drinking water plant is based on RO-Technology for a capacity of 190,000 m3/d. Cadagua, Malacoff and Sumitomo are the developer for the project

Al Wasia WTP PROJECT-HIGHLIGHTS – Desalination Key Data Location: Al Wasia Saudi Arabia Capacity: 168,000 m3/d Start-up: 2009 Reverse Osmosis – Drinking water Implementation of a Reverse Osmosis plant for the desalination of brackish ground water. The existing pre-treatment plant plant was extended and upgraded. The RO-plant produces drinking water for the growing population in Riad with a capacity of up to 200,000 m3/d.

AVR-Rotterdam, Desalination PROJECT-HIGHLIGHTS – Desalination AVR-Rotterdam, Desalination Key Data Location: Rotterdam The Netherlands Capacity: 24,000 m3/d Start-up: 1999 Thermal desalination - MED Europe‘s largest thermal desalination plant for sea and brackish water. 2 MED units for the production of process water for the operation of a 4-line, liquid chemical waste incineration plant.

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Desalination for Rural /remote areas Rural and remote areas have special requirements that influence the appropriate selection of desalination technologies. These include technical requirements related to Small scale application preferably using renewable energy sources Ease of operation and maintenance Simple design -requirements dictated by geographical location

Comparison of desalination technologies Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Comparison of desalination technologies Process Capital Cost Energy consumption Other O&M cost Type of energy required Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) High Low Heat + power Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) Thermal Vapour Compression (TVC) Medium Mechanical Vapour Compression (MVC) Medium to high Power Reverse Osmosis Low/Medium

Comparison of desalination technologies Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Comparison of desalination technologies Process Capital Cost Energy consumption Other O&M cost Type of energy required Electro-dialysis (ED & EDR)   Low Power Membrane distillation (MD) High/medium High Heat + minor power Forward Osmosis Low (prospective) NA Power (+heat in some cases) Humidification/ Dehumidification (HDH) Medium Heat + power

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Wabag’s Capabilities Wabag is one of the very few companies in world today who can build and operate desalination Plants based on various technologies MSF MED RO Wabag is an Indian Multi National company recognized as one of the top ten desalination companies by Global Water Intelligence

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Renewable energy technologies for desalination Solar energy Solar thermal energy Solar thermal technologies capture the heat from solar radiation, either for direct use in a particular heat-driven process, or for power generation through a steam power cycle, and subsequent use of the generated power in a mechanically or electrically driven process Solar photovoltaic (PV) Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is based on the direct conversion of energy from solar radiation into DC electrical power using panels of semi-conductors.

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Renewable energy technologies for desalination Wind energy Wind turbines are used to convert part of the kinetic energy in the wind into shaft power, which can either be used to drive an electric generator, or directly coupled to a mechanically-driven process.

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Renewable energy technologies for desalination Geothermal Geothermal energy is thermal energy that originates from the Earth’s interior. The source of this energy is mostly from the decay of radioactive matter in the Earth’s core. High temperature geothermal sources, above 150 degC, are used for power generation using a Rankine cycle, which can in principle be used to drive power-driven desalination processes. Lower temperature sources are best suited for direct coupling to thermal desalination processes. When high pressure steam is available, it can be used to directly drive a turbine for power generation or in direct coupling with a mechanically-driven desalination process

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Renewable energy technologies for desalination Process/RE resource combinations Solar thermal-MED Solar thermal-HDH Solar thermal-MD PV-RO PV-ED Wind-RO Wind-MVC Geothermal MED Geothermal HDH

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Brine Disposal in Inland Desalination Plants: Evaporation pond Zero Liquid discharge techniques by Thermal Method. VSEP Treatment. Brine injection. Produce agriculture and aquaculture products with Brine Evaporation pond using enhanced Evaporation Mechanisms.

Major Factors Affecting Cost of Desalination Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Major Factors Affecting Cost of Desalination Plant size. Feed-water salinity and quality. Energy cost. Plant location & infrastructure. Process type. Plant specifications. Finance cost.

Desalination A Feasible solution to Water Crisis Recommended Water Cycle for Effective utilisation of Water: