CH 12 Lecture Prepared By Dr. M. Sawhney

Discussion Topics  The Self, Identity and Religious/Spiritual Development Self esteem Identity  Families Parental Monitoring and Information Management Parent-Adolescent Conflict  Peers Friendships Dating & Romantic Relationships  Culture and Adolescent Development Cross cultural Comparisons  Adolescent Problems Juvenile Delinquency Depression and Suicide

Self-Esteem Self-esteem of girls declines more during adolescence Indicate a perception about whether he or she is intelligent and attractive Is self-esteem an indicator of adjustment Narcissism: Self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others

Identity Self-portrait composed of many pieces ○ Vocational/Career ○ Political ○ Religious ○ Relationship ○ Achievement, intellectual ○ Sexual ○ Cultural/ethnic ○ Interests ○ Personality ○ Physical Erikson’s view ○ Identity versus identity confusion ○

Marcia’s Four Statuses of Identity

Emerging adulthood & beyond ○ Key changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence ○ Attending College produces some identity changes ○ Identity does not remain stable throughout life “MAMA” - Repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement

Identity Ethnic identity: Enduring aspect of the self that includes: ○ Sense of membership in an ethnic group ○ Attitudes and feelings related to that membership Many adolescents develop a bicultural identity ○ Identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture

Parental monitoring & information management Supervising adolescents’ : What domains were you supervised by your parents? When parents engage in positive parenting practices: ○ Adolescents are more likely to disclose information  Autonomy and Attachment Gender differences

Peers Friendships: Prefer a smaller number of friendships which are more intense and more intimate Sex differences in Friendships Advantages occur when adolescents have friends who are: ○ Socially skilled, supportive, and oriented toward academic achievement

Peer Groups Peer pressure ○ Young adolescents conform more to peer standards than children do ○ Adolescents with low self-esteem and high social anxiety are most likely to conform to peers ○ v=_NN6sQSLNWg ○ Positive aspect of peer pressure

Dating & Romantic Relationships Three stages ○ Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations ○ Exploring romantic relationships ○ Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds Sociocultural contexts and Dating ○ Values, beliefs, and traditions dictate the age at which dating begins

Culture & Adolescent Development  Cross Cultural Comparisons Health Gender ○ Educational opportunities ○ ○ Career Choices ○ Sexual Expression  Family  Time Allocation to Different activities: More discretionary time for US adolescents

Adolescent Problems  Juvenile Delinquency: An adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.  Delinquency rates: ○ Males more likely to engage in delinquency than females ○ Rates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high ○ Early onset and late onset delinquency

Delinquency… Causes of delinquency ○ Lower class culture ○ Parents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behavior ○ Siblings and delinquent peers

Depression  Most common psychological problem: 15–20% have had one or more major episodes  Twice as many girls as boys: rumination early-maturing girls  Influential factors: Genes 5HTTLPR Certain family factors Poor peer relations

Suicide Suicide is the 3 rd leading cause of death in 10-to 19-year-olds  Related factors: gender ethnicity family environment, high life stress sexual orientation personality: ○ intelligent, withdrawn ○ antisocial triggering negative events