/ Differentiate between consolidated, liberal, substantive and illiberal and procedural democracies by assessing fake countries / Identify and outline the advantages and disadvantages to various forms of economy by comparing them

 Sample  Many scholars think that civil society is important for the development of democracy. a) Define civil society. b) Identify and explain one specific condition within a political system that would enable civil society to thrive. c) Identify and explain another specific condition within a political system that would enable civil society to thrive.

/ Political and economic change often occurs together and influence each other. / If one occurs without the other, it often leads to serious consequences as we will see.

 1. Reform –  the type of change that does not advocate the overthrow of basic institutions. Reformers want to change some of the methods that political and economic leaders use to reach goals that the society generally accepts.

 Revolution –  involves either a major revision or an overthrow of existing institutions. It is considered an uprising of the masses and results in a regime change.

 Coup d’états –  the most limited type of change. “blows to the state.” This is when you replace the leadership with new leaders. It is usually conducted by military forces and comprises few individuals

/ Radicalism - / the belief where rapid, dramatic change need to be made. They usually think the current system cannot be saved and must be overturned and replaced with something better.

 Liberalism –  supports reform and gradual change rather than revolution. Do not confuse this attitude toward change with liberalism as a political ideology. They usually think the system does not need to be changed, rather, it needs to be repaired or improved.

 Conservativism –  much less supportive of change. They tend to see change as disruptive, and they emphasize the fact that it sometimes brings unforeseen outcomes.

 R eactionary Beliefs –  they oppose both revolution and reform, but they different from conservatives in that they find the status quo unacceptable. They want to turn back the clock to an earlier era and reinstate political, social and economic institutions that once existed. They have one thing in common with radicalism in that they are willing to use violence to reach their goals.

/ Trend One: Democratization / More and more nations are turning toward some form of popular government.

 One requirement is the existence of competitive elections –  elections that are regular, free and fair. They also offer a real possibility that the incumbent government may be defeated.  There are some modern states that fall into a “gray area” where they are neither clearly democratic nor clearly undemocratic. Ex. Russia, Nigeria, Indonesia

 Competitive Elections - elections that are regular, free and fair. They also offer a real possibility that the incumbent government may be defeated.  Civil Liberties –  freedoms such as belief, speech, assembly, etc. aka protection from government  Political Rights –  refer to political participation, such as voting, lobbying, protesting, running for office etc.

 Rule of Law –  equal treatment under the law, no one is above the law  Neutrality of the Judiciary –  it is expected to be neutral when making legal decisions/rulings. Even if judges do have a political preference, their final rulings are meant to be free of such influences.  Open civil society –  allows citizens to lead private lives and mass media to operate independent from government control

 Civilian control of the military –  restricts the likelihood of the military taking power.  Citizens have access to multiple sources of information

/ Regimes that consistently adhere to the 8 principles of a democracy are called consolidated democracies / Examples? / - Britain, France, Germany, India, Japan and the United States are examples.

/ Liberal or substantive democracy - Those that follow the 8 principles. They might not be a consolidated democracy because of the length of time it has been truly engaged in the democratic process. / Example? / An example would be Mexico.

/ Those democracies that are missing these other qualities are sometimes called illiberal democracies or procedural democracies. / Illiberal or procedural democracy - assumes that the electoral process is at the core of the authority placed in elected offices. Elections are duly complied with or at least appear to be so. Vladimir Putin's Russia is an example of this. / In summary – they have elections, but then might be missing other aspects of democracy

/ An authoritarian regime might transition because of a trigger event. People then need to be ready to participate in the process and lend it their active support. / This is called democratic consolidation and it creates a stable political system that is supported by all parts of the society.

/ A state that progresses from procedural democracy to substantive democracy through democratic consolidation is said to experience political liberalization and eventually this leads to other states to recognize it as a liberal democracy.

/ Freedom House Freedom House

 Marketization –  process of transforming an entire economy away from a planned economic system and toward greater market based economies. Not always the same as privatization. It can be introducing market forces to government run companies (ex. China).

 19 th century radicals who advocated equality more than liberty relied on command economy –  an economic system in which the central government plays an active role. Characteristics of a command economy:  Central planning  Central power makes all major economic decisions  Fixed or government set pricing, distribution, production, control over employment and wages  Highly restricted property rights, if any  State owns most economic resources  Use of production quotas (3, 5, 10 year plans)

/ Most societies are drifting toward market economies / market economies  an economic system in which where government plays a limited role. Characteristics:  supply and demand determine allocation fo resources  private property  income/wage inequality  unemployment  focus on profits  freedom to choose occupations, jobs; freedom to make economic choices  emphasis on competition  susceptible to boom and bust

 Neoliberal –  "Neo-liberalism" is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25 years or so. Main tenants of this include: free market, cutting spending on social welfare, deregulation, privatization and individual responsibility.

 Economic liberalization – process of limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces.  Cover your notes

Aspect of an economyWhat happens when it undergoes economic liberalization? Tariffs Subsidies Direct foreign investment Ownership of companies and firms

 It includes cutting government spending, decentralizing, privatizing, lowering tariffs and opening up foreign investment.

 Market Economy – 2 kinds  Mixed economy –  significant control from the central government  Pure market economy –  no control from the central government

/ What is a way that a command economy would move toward a market economy? / Deregulating business, allow markets to determine prices, privatize business

/ 1. Social Welfare Capitalist System / - economic activity is based on capitalist principles, but government policies establish social programs that provide significant welfare benefits and services (ex. Great Britain)

 Mercantilism –  form of capitalism that accepts the general free market principles but allows for significant government involvement in the economy in order to protect domestic economic interests

 Socialist Market Economy –  tries to mix state control and market forces in the question to enhance economic development. The implication is that socialism will promote equality while the market will encourage people to work hard and foreign companies to invest  ex. China

/ Two factors that supported the movement toward market economies / Belief that government is too big (Reagan and Thatcher rode this wave into power) / Lack of success for command economies

 Market economy disadvantage –  it goes through cycles of prosperity and scarcity, but the market will correct itself eventually, but a market downturn may be devastating.

 Fragmentation –  divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity have become increasingly important in world politics.

 Politicization of religion –  has dominated world politics of the early 21 st century.  Ex. Theocracies – where religion determines the legitimacy

/ Differentiate between consolidated, liberal, substantive and illiberal and procedural democracies / Identify and outline the advantages and disadvantages to various forms of economy