Matter What’s a matter with all this matter?

What is Matter? »Matter: »Definition: anything that has mass »What’s mass: a quantity of matter that a body contains »So basically matter is anything that takes up space.

So what isn’t matter? »Things that don’t have mass are NOT matter. »Is light matter? »NO »Is heat matter? »NO »Is gas that kept the water from the paper towel, matter? »YES

What else isn’t matter? »Rainbows ~400 BC a philosopher Democritus did a lot of thinking about “stuff”

What makes up matter? »Democritus had an idea: »He thought the universe is made up of a lot of empty space and tiny bits of “stuff.” »He knew the “stuff” was incredibly small, so small, in fact, that they couldn’t be divided into smaller pieces. »Democritus just defined something he didn’t even know existed

Matter »Democritus had just defined an ATOM. »In Greek atom means “cannot be divided” »We will it as: »An atom is a small particle that makes up most types of matter.

Matter »~2000 years later after Democritus: »People thought that matter could appear from nothing or disappear to nothing. »Yet others thought that the matter just changed form.

Matter »French chemist, Antoine Lavoisier challenged all ideas in the late 1700’s »He showed that there was no change in mass during common chemical reactions such as combustion (burning)

9 lbs of wood 7.5 lbs of Ash Where did the 1.5 lbs of wood go? CO 2, H 2 O vapor, & various other vaporized chemicals

*Louvoisier burned wood in a “glass jar.” So when he started with 10 lbs. of wood he ended with 10 lbs. He demonstrated a common theory in chemistry called: THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

LOCOM »THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS, (LOCOM for short) states: »Matter can neither be created nor destroyed, it can ONLY change form »Except during a nuclear reaction »Rust is another example

Rust is another example of LOCOM + A new bike’s weight Oxygen Rusted bike = bike + oxygen

Another French Chemist? »Joseph Proust decided he wanted to investigate the “stuff” of Democritus “space-&-stuff” »He came up with the idea blocks of any substance would always be the same. »And they would always be put together the same way

Here’s an example of Proust’s theory »The chemical formula for water is H2O H2O »So for every oxygen atom there is 2 hydrogen atoms »Proust’s theory states that, that same ratio of 2:1 will always be the same 1 drop -> 1 cup -> 1 gallon -> A lakes worth 2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1

Proust’s Idea in a Nutshell »Regardless of the amount of a substance, the ratio of its constituents will remain the same

More ideas »Along with Proust’s other scientists suggested that matter is mad of small particles that behave in predictable ways »In 1803 English chemist John Dalton formed a model to predict these atoms.

Dalton’s ideas »He developed what is called the “Atomic Theory of Matter” »Dalton defined an atom much the same way scientists do today. »the smallest particle that make up most types of matter. »He also made what I call “Well Duh!” statements: »1. All pure atoms (what we call elements) are identical »2. Atoms of different elements are different from one another.

More of Dalton’s Ideas »Behavior Patterns »He noticed that reactions between different chemicals always occur in certain patterns. »Example: If 2 L of hydrogen react w/ 1 L of oxygen. -Then it could be predicted that ____ L of hydrogen will react with 10 L of oxygen. »This supported Joseph Proust theories. 20

The make up of ATOMS »Atoms are EXTREMELY small and are mostly made up of empty space »It wasn’t until 1980 that scientists were able to see atoms. »All atoms are composed of 3 things: 1.Protons 2.Neutrons 3.Electrons

NUCELUS: Protons Neutrons Protons are positively (+) charge Neutrons have no (o) charge Electrons have a negative (-) charge In a natural states e - & p + are equal in number

Vocab. Quiz Bonus Questions 1.The formula for carbon dioxide is CO 2. How many atoms are in one molecule? 2.What would the pH of a strong acid be? HINT: The pH scales runs from 0-14.

Movin’ on UP! »We already know that matter is made up of atoms »Some atoms are alike some are different »It is all based on the number of protons they have. »When matter is reduced to 1 atom that 1 atom is a pure substance »We call it an element.

ELEMENTS »An element is matter that is made up of only one type of atom. »Example: Gold is made of gold atoms Helium is made of helium atoms Oxygen is made of oxygen atoms Wood is made of wood atoms *Wait a second, there’s no such thing as wood atoms, is there?

ELEMENTS »Natural & Synthetic Elements »There are 90 elements commonly found on Earth. »Examples: nitrogen, gold, copper, silver, etc. »There are ~15 or so elements that scientists have made in particle accelerators. »These are called synthetic elements

ELEMENTS »With 100+ elements to keep track of scientists needed a way to organize them »Dimitri Mendeleev created such a system »He created what is called: Periodic Table

Periodic Table

»This chart organizes elements based on the number of protons in each element. »Other useful info. you can find in the periodic table: »Mass »pattern of electrons »Reactivity »State of matter

Periodic Table

Symbols & Names »With each element an element has a symbol based on their scientific name. »Example: Iron - Fe - Ferrum »Some names are based on their latin names »Symbols are 1 to 3 letters

Compounds »Compound - a form of matter that is made when two or more compounds chemically combine. »Chemically combine means that the elements begin to share electrons »With over 100+ elements to combine in various sequences there are millions of compounds

Compounds »Common Compounds: »Water - H 2 O »Glucose - C 6 H 12 O 6 »Carbon Dioxide - CO 2

Compounds »Most compounds that are found in living things contain the element CARBON »Molecules that contain CARBON are called “organic molecules” »Compounds tend to be much different than the elements that make it up. »Example: Table salt - NaCl »Pure sodium burns in Water »Pure chlorine is poisonous

Chemical Formula »We already know that scientists use symbols to represent elements. »These elemental symbols serve another purpose: Easy chemical formula writing. »A chemical formula tells us two things: »1. The elements in the compound »2. The ratios the elements are in

Chemical Formulas »Common formulas: »Water - H 2 O - »this means that there are 2 hydrogen atoms for ever oxygen atom »Carbon Dioxide - CO 2 - »For every carbon atom there is 2 oxygen atoms »Table Salt - NaCl - »For every sodium atom there is a chlorine atom subscript

Chemical Formulas »Battery acid - H 2 SO 4 »For every sulfur atom there is 2 hydrogen atoms and 4 oxygen atoms »Vinegar - HC 2 H 3 O 2 »In every vinegar molecule there 2 carbon atoms, 2 oxygen atoms, and 4 hydrogen atoms

Mixtures »We’ve talked about elements, pure forms of matter, and compounds, chemically combined elements. »What happens when two or substances are put together and NOT combined? »You formed a mixture

Mixture »Examples of mixtures: »Air - it is a combination of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, & other gases. »Rock - a combination of different minerals

Mixtures »Technically, there are two kinds of mixtures: »1. The kind you can see through »Non-colloidal »2. The kind you can’t see through »Colloidal »CAN YOU THINK OF ANY OTHER EXAMPLES MIXTURES?