Concepts of Engineering and Technology Introduction to Engineering Fundamentals and Civilization Part 2 - History Photo Courtesy of Gary Payne/Denton Record-ChroniclePhoto Courtesy of Steve Van Meter, VideoRay 1 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The History of Engineering In 1965, Gordon Moore made an important observation about computer chips: every months the capacity of a memory chip doubles. This observation, known as Moore’s Law, shows that computing power increases exponentially over time. Is it possible that technology in general evolves in a similar fashion? Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved. 2

Wants vs. Needs Needs are finite, wants are infinite. Basic needs involve food, water, safety, shelter. A.H. MaslowA.H. Maslow adds sleep, sex, love, esteem, and self actualization. Others add elimination of body waste and the need to communicate to the list. 3 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The Stone Age 15,000 to ~3000 BC It covers the period where humans went from a nomadic life to an agricultural life. Domestication of animals allowed the substitution of animal power for human power. Other developments include the grinding stone, and harvesting and production of crops. We can consider the use of fire as an important technology. 4 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Early humans were hunters and gatherers, with their major concern being day-to-day survival. The tools they used to hunt, fish, and dig involved stone and bone. As new methods were created, families became tribes, and tribes became communities requiring land and shelter. Some of the earliest technologies involved the domestication of animals and plants. Crops required formal methods of planting, which led to the plow. 5 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The earliest known use of the wheel was in Mesopotamia in about 3500 BC. The wheel was probably invented long before that. The first wheel with spokes first appeared on Egyptian chariots around 2000 BC. Although some form of writing has been around since the earliest day of antiquity, the Sumerians of Mesopotamia are also credited with its formal development. 6 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The Bronze Age It started about 3000 BC. Major technological developments include smelting and metalwork. Smelting involves the extraction of different metal ores to create a combination of metals called an alloy. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, and this new metal was more durable and easier to work to make a variety of tools. 7 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Courtesy: NormanEinstein, December 21, Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The Fertile Crescent became the birthplace of civilization because plentiful food led to an increase in population. Domestication of plants and animals increased. The concept of division of labor was invented. We start to see the negative effects of technology through smoke filled air and the destruction of forests. Religion, ceremony, and governments became better organized and more widespread. 9 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The Iron Age About 500 BC until 500 AD Iron smelting (the extraction of iron from iron ore) involves the removal of impurities (slag). Requires higher temperature smelting. Led to the development of steel as an alloy of iron and carbon. 10 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

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Roman Aqueduct, circa 19 BC 12 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Iron was stronger and less expensive than bronze. Steel is better able to hold a sharpened edge. Forming and shaping created a wide variety of tools and implements –involves casting and grinding. Water became an important energy source –grain milling. Solid waste disposal became a problem. 13 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The Middle Ages 500 AD to 1500 AD A period of turmoil following the collapse of the Roman Empire. Populations became concentrated within cities - plague and famine were common. Increasingly fouled air and water - untreated human and animal waste. 14 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Sailing ships spurred increases in travel and trade. Horses and oxen use increased for transportation and labor. Wood remained a primary energy source. Water use increased as a power source. Mills and foundries flourished. Gunpowder is developed. 15 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The Renaissance 1500 AD to about 1750 AD A time of rebirth of the arts and humanities. Many important innovations – the printing press, clocks, gunpowder, eyeglasses, and flush toilets. Innovative manufacturing and processing techniques evolved. Leonardo Da Vinci 16 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Sir Isaac Newton’s theories began to dominate the scientific view of the physical universe. –Universal gravitation –Three laws of motion –Differential and integral calculus* Coal replaced wood. –Mining and deforestation increased. Colonization became a widespread way of developing resources. –Both positive and negative impacts (slavery). 17 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The Industrial Revolution From 1750 to about 1900 Industries replaced family units of production. The steam engine is arguably the most important engineering achievement. –Continuous manufacturing became common. –Transportation and communication systems improved. –Education became more widespread. 18 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

The American Constitution and the Bill of Rights –Rule of law led to an increase in the ownership of private property. Environmental pollution continued to increase –Industrial waste adding to human and animal waste. The beginnings of formal engineering education 19 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

Atomic Age –WWII, Reactor failures (Ch, 3MI, FS) Jet Age –Travel, warfare, diplomacy, society Space Age –Moon, Space Station, Exploration/Discovery Digital Revolution –PC, Cell Phone, Internet Information Age –Economic Impact, Where to next? 20 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.

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Leonardo Da Vinci UNT in partnership with TEA. Copyright ©. All rights reserved. 22

Engineering and Technology, 1st ed. Hacker et al. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). Engineering Design: An Introduction, 1st ed. Karsnitz, O’Brian, Hutchinson. Delmar Cengage Learning (2008). Engineering Your Future, 2nd ed. Gomez, Oakes, Leone. Great Lakes Press (2008). Gateway To Engineering, 1st ed. Rogers, Wright, Yates. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). 23 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, All rights reserved.