Adolescence Review Chapters 11 & 12

Physical Development Conceptions of Adolescence 1)True of False: Adolescence, as an intervening phase between childhood and full assumption of adult roles, occurs similarly in most societies. 2)The changes in adolescence are primarily (biological/social). 3)What are some biological changes associated with adolescence? What are some social changes?

Physical Development Puberty 1)Puberty is a/an (event/process). 2)Distinguish between primary and secondary sexual characteristics. 3)What is a secular trend and how does it relate to puberty? 4)True or False: Higher pubertal hormone levels are linked to greater moodiness in adolescents. 5)True or False: Parent-child disputes are usually severe in adolescence. 6)Describe the difference between girls and boys in terms of their response to maturing earlier or later than their peers.

Physical Development Health Issues 1)What are some nutrition related issues in adolescence? 2)True or False: Of all the age groups, adolescents often have the worst eating habits? 3)What are some concerns about adolescents becoming sexually active? 4)What are some concerns about adolescents using and abusing substances?

Cognitive Development Piaget 1)According to Piaget, around age 11, young people enter the ___________________ stage in which they develop the capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking. 2)What are some factors that might limit one’s ability to perform at this highest level? 3)What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning? 4)What is propositional thought?

Cognitive Development Information Processing & Consequences Information Processing 1)Describe some of the mechanisms that information-processing theorists feel contribute to advances in cognitive development in adolescence. Consequences 1)What is the imaginary audience? The personal fable? 2)Why are adolescents often more argumentative than they were in earlier years?

Emotional and Social Development Erikson 1)What is involved in developing an identity? 2)Current theorist (do/do not) agree with Erikson that the process of identity development constitutes a “crisis.” Self-Understanding 1)In describing themselves, adolescents unify ____________ into _________________. 2)Except for temporary declines associated with _________________, self-esteem tends to rise among most adolescents. 3)Name and describe the four identity status common in adolescence.

Emotional and Social Development Moral Development 1)True or False: Kholberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about a dilemma, not the content of the response, which determines moral maturity. 2)Name and explain the basic characteristics of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s three levels. Gender Typing 1)What is gender intensification? Peer Relationships 1)What are some of the characteristics of friendship stressed by teenagers? 2)What are some sex differences in adolescent friendships? 3)What are cliques and crowds?

Answers

Physical Development Conceptions – 1) false, there is great variability in the social/cultural aspects of adolescence; 2) biological and social; 3) biological = rapid growth, arrival of sexual maturity, changing hormones; social = changing expectations, granting of adult rights and responsibilities Puberty – 1) process; 2) primary = reproductive organs, secondary = non-reproductive specific changes which are easily visible; 3) generational changes, decreasing age of puberty; 4) true, though the connection is modest; 5) false; 6) in both sexes, on time maturation is easiest; in girls, late maturation tends to lead to more favorable outcomes than early maturation; trends in boys are reversed

Physical Development Health Issues – 1) obesity, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa; 2) true; 3) teen pregnancy, STDs (also called STIs); 4) use may lead to abuse, risk-taking may increase, the brain is not fully formed, especially the pre- frontal cortex

Cognitive Development Piaget – 1) formal operational; 2) most people are likely to think abstractly and systematically on tasks in which they have had extensive guidance and practice; 3) the ability to systematically isolate and combine variables to see which inferences are confirmed in the real world; 4) ability to evaluate the logic of verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances Information Processing – 1) refer to p. 306 for an explanation of changes in: attention, inhibition, strategies, knowledge, metacognition, cognitive self- regulation, and speed of thinking and processing capacity Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Change – 1) imaginary audience = adolescents’ belief that they are the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern; personal fable = an inflated sense of one’s own importance – a feeling of being special and unique; 2) exercising new reasoning powers

Emotional and Social Development Erikson – 1) constructing an identity involves defining who you are, what you value, and what direction you choose to pursue in life; 2) do not Self-Understanding – 1) specific traits into more abstract descriptors; 2) school transitions; 3) identity achievement – commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following exploration; identity moratorium – exploration without commitment; identity foreclosure – commitment without exploration; identity diffusion – lacking exploration and commitment

Emotional and Social Development Moral Development – 1) False; 2) preconventional level = external control, accept rules from authority and judge action by their consequences; conventional level = conformity to social rules to maintain social system; postconventional = morality defined in terms of abstract principles and values that apply universally. Gender Typing – 1) Increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behaviors, and movement toward a more traditional gender identity. Peer Relationships – 1) teens stress intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty; 2) girls tend to emphasize emotional closeness, and boys emphasize activity; 3) cliques = close groups of 5-7 friends; crowds = larger grouping of several cliques