  Marked by a group of GI symptoms often related to stress.  Symptoms often benign, sometimes showing no physical or inflammatory condition  More often seen in women  Usually seen between ages of IBS

  Physiological Stress (most often)  Ingested irritants as coffee, raw fruit & vegetables  Lactose Intolerance  Abuse of Laxatives  Hormonal Changes  Food Allergies CAUSES

  N &V  Lower abdominal cramping during day, relieves by passage of gas  Pain- usually worst 1-2 hours after a meal  Constipation alternating with diarrhea  Some passage of mucous from the rectum  Abdominal bloating & distension S/SX

  Barium studies reveals colon bloating and spasm  Colonoscopy reveals spastic contractions of the colon without any evidence of tumors or other disease conditions Diagnostic Imaging

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  Stress management  Avoid Food irritants  Food allergy testing  Heat to Abd  Antispasmodics  Antidepressants Rx

  Continuous inflammation of the colon & rectum.  Most commonly begins in the sigmoid colon and moves upward.  Begins with excessive edema leading to ulcerations  In extreme cases can lead to perforation or puncture of the colon ULCERATIVE COLITIS

  Unknown cause, but may be related to immune system response to food or bacteria in colon or possible heredity  Effects women much more than men  Onset of systems between ages of 15-30, and again 55-65

  Weight Loss  Foul- smelling stools  Bloody stools, often containing excess pus & mucous  Abdominal cramping  weakness s/sx

  Sigmoidoscopy  Colonoscopy with a biopsy  Barium Enema would reveal the extent of condition  Abdominal X-rays Lab Tests HGB, WBC, Bleeding time, stool specimens DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

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  Steroids  Antidiarrheal medication  Antibiotics  Iron Supplements For severe cases TPN IV fluids Ileostomy Rx

  Usually good with diet and medication intervention Prognosis

  Chronic Disease characterized by destruction and fibrotic regeneration of liver cells.  Most people live 5 years after diagnosis  Twice a common in men than women,  Prevalent in alcoholics, drug users over the age of 50  Other causes- Hepatitis, Autoimmune diseases  Malnutrition CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER

 Early Stages  Anorexia  Dull abdominal ache Late Stages  Respiratory difficulty  Ascites  Enlarged liver  Jaundice, Bleeding problems, enlarged abd veins S/Sx

  Abdominal X-rays  CT scan and liver scan would show liver size, fibrotic areas, & masses, hepatic blood flow  Esophagogastroduodenoscopy-shows bleeding and blockage DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

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  Vitamins  Healthy diet  Surgical shunt  Liver Transplant Rx

  Fair, depending on stage & lifestyle changes. If lifestyle does does change, less than 5 years from dx PROGNOSIS

  Pouch like structures bulge through the mucous lining of the intestines. Usually in large intestine, but can occur in ileum and other parts of the GI tract  Most prevalent in men over age 40, and people who eat low fiber diets. More than half of people over the age of 60 have some diverticulitis issues DIVERTICULITIS

  Exact cause unknown  Low fiber diet  Diminished colon mobility Cause

  Moderate LLQ abd pain  Low grade fever  N/V  Constipation, alternating with ribbon like stools  In severe cases  Infection, peritonitis, obstruction S/SX

  Upper GI series w/ barium  Barium enema  Biopsy DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

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  Liquid, bland diet  pain medications  Antibiotics  Colon resection to remove pouches Prognosis Good with treatment Rx

  ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE APPENDIX USUALLY DUE TO AN OBSTRUCTION AND INFECTION APPENDICITIS

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  GENERALIZED ABDOMINAL PAIN THAT LATER LOCALIZES AT THE LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT  N&V  MILD FEVER  ELEVATED WBC SYMPTOMS

 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING  CT Scan to confirm Dx Rx Surgery

  INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE LINING THE STOMACH AND INTESTINAL TRACT CAUSES  FOOD POISONING  INFECTIONS  TOXINS GASTROENTERITIS

  USUALLY REST AND INCREASED FLUID INTAKE  IN SEVERE CASES, ANTIBOTICS, IV FLUIDS, AND MEDICATIONS TO SLOW PERISTALSIS MAY BE USED DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING Usually not required, but can abd x rays are are done if symptoms last more than a few days. Rx

  Inflammation of any part of the GI tract, but usually in the last parts of the ileum. The inflammation extends thru all layers of the intestine.  Most prevalent in adults years of age  Unknown cause, but lymphatic obstruction, allergies, genetic predisposition, infection CROHN’S DISEASE

  Steady pain in RLQ  Cramping, tenderness  Weight Loss  Diarrhea, fatty stools, bloody stools  Low grade fever  Perineal Abscess S/Sx

  Small bowel X-ray shows irregular mucous, ulcerations, and stiffness  Barium enema shows narrowing of the bowel  Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy show patchy areas of inflammation DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

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  Steroids  Antibiotics  Stress reduction  Vitamin supplemnts  Diet changes. Avoid high fiber, spicy, or fatty foods, dairy products, carbonated or caffeine containing beverages Rx

  2 ND MOST COMMON TYPE OF CANCER IN THE US  Tends to progress slowly and remain localized for a long time  Equally occurs in men & women 90% curable if caught early Incidence increases over age 40 COLON CANCER

 CAUSES Low fiber, high calorie diet Hx of other GI diseases Smoking Diabetes Alcohol use Sedentary lifestyle

  Weakness, Fatigue  Poor appetite, weight loss  Rectal bleeding, dull cramps, constipation/diarrhea  Vomiting S/Sx

  CT scan allows good visualization  Barium enema to see any obstructions Rx Surgery to remove tumor & any involved structure Chemotherapy Radiation either before or after surgery High fiber diet Diagnostic Imaging

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