Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Antihistamines
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.2 * Endogenous compound * Found in specialized cells (mast cells) * Important role in: Allergic reaction (H 1 ) Regulation of gastric acid secretion (H 2 )
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.3 Distribution Present in practically all tissues Especially high - skin, lungs, and GI tract Low content in plasma
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.4 Synthesis/storage Mast cells (skin & other soft tissues) Basophils (blood) In CNS, histamine is produced by neurons Release Allergic Nonallergic Stored in secretory granules
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.5 Release of histamine by allergen-antibody interaction
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.6 H 1 receptor Vasodilation Increased capillary permeability Bronchoconstriction CNS effects Other
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.7 Vasodilation Skin of the face and upper body Extensive – can cause hypotension Increased capillary permeability Edema Bronchoconstriction Not the cause of asthma attack CNS effects Role in cognition, memory, and sleep/waking cycles Other Itching, pain, secretion of mucus
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.8 Secretion of gastric acid Act directly on parietal cells to promote acid release Dominant role in acid release
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.9 Act primarily on H 1 and H 2 receptors Used primarily for two pathologic states Allergic disorders Peptic ulcer disease
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.10 Mediated by histamine & other compounds Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Tryptase
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.11 Caused largely by histamine acting at H 1 receptors Rhinitis, itching, localized edema Hay fever, mild transfusion reactions, acute urticaria Usually responsive to antihistamine therapy
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.12 Anaphylaxis Anaphylactic shock Bronchoconstriction, hypotension, edema of the glottis Histamine plays a minor role Leukotrienes are the principal mediators Antihistamines are of little use in treatment Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treatment (see Chapter 17)
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.13 Antihistamines, histamine antagonists, and histamine blockers are used interchangeably. H 1 antagonists have similar antihistamine actions but differ significantly in side effects. No individual prototype selected. H 1 antagonists are divided into two major groups: First-generation H 1 antagonists (highly sedating) Second-generation H 1 antagonists
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.14 Mechanism of action Block the actions of histamine at H 1 receptors Do not block H 2 receptors Some bind to muscarinic receptors
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.15 Pharmacologic effects Peripheral effects Reduce localized flushing Reduce itching and pain Effects on the CNS Therapeutic dose – CNS depression Second-generation negligible CNS depression Overdose CNS stimulation Convulsions Very young children especially sensitive
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.16
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.17 Therapeutic uses Mild allergy Motion sickness Promethazine, dimenhydrinate Insomnia Common cold Anticholinergic properties, not H 1 blockade
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.18 Adverse effects Sedation Nonsedative CNS effects Dizziness, fatigue, coordination problems Gastrointestinal effects Can cause nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation Anticholinergic effects Weak atropine-like effects Cardiac dysrhythmias Rare
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.19 Drug interactions CNS depressants Acute toxicity Large margin of safety Widespread availability of drugs CNS and anticholinergic reactions
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.20 First generation (sedating) Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) * Hydroxyzine (Atarax) Promethazine (Phenergan)*
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.21 Second generation (nonsedating) Fexofenadine (Allegra) Cetirizine (Zyrtec) Loratadine (Claritin)
Elsevier Inc. items and derived items © 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.22 Antihistamines contraindicated During third trimester of pregnancy Nursing mothers Newborn infants Use antihistamines with caution in: Young children The elderly Patients whose conditions may be aggravated by muscarinic blockade
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