Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Democratic principles and classical culture flourish during Greece’s golden age.

The Persian Wars A New Kind of Army Emerges A New Kind of Army Emerges Cheaper iron replaces bronze, making arms and armor cheaper Cheaper iron replaces bronze, making arms and armor cheaper Ordinary citizens could afford to arm themselves Ordinary citizens could afford to arm themselves Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all classes Phalanx—feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields Phalanx—feared by all, formation of soldiers with spears, shields

The Persian Wars Battle of Marathon Battle of Marathon Persian Wars—between Greece and the Persian Empire—begin in Ionia Persian Wars—between Greece and the Persian Empire—begin in Ionia Persian Army attacks Athens, is defeated at 10,000 Athenians vs. > 25,000 Persians Persian Army attacks Athens, is defeated at 10,000 Athenians vs. > 25,000 Persians Marathon in 490 B.C. Marathon in 490 B.C. Pheidippides Brings News Pheidippides Brings News 140 Miles to Sparta in 35 hours 140 Miles to Sparta in 35 hours Runner Pheidippides [fahy-dip-i-deez] races to Athens to announce Greek victory. Runner Pheidippides [fahy-dip-i-deez] races to Athens to announce Greek victory.

The Persian Wars Thermopylae and Salamis Thermopylae and Salamis In 480 B.C. Persians launch a new invasion of Greece. In 480 B.C. Persians launch a new invasion of Greece. Greeks are divided; many stay neutral or side with Persians. Greeks are divided; many stay neutral or side with Persians. Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days before retreating. Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days before retreating. Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of Salamis. Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of Salamis. Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat. Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat. Many city-states form Delian League and continue to fight Persians. Many city-states form Delian League and continue to fight Persians.

The Persian Wars Consequences of the Persian Wars Consequences of the Persian Wars New self-confidence in Greece due to victory. New self-confidence in Greece due to victory. Athens emerges as leader of Delian League. Athens emerges as leader of Delian League. Athens controls the league by using force against opponents. Athens controls the league by using force against opponents. League members essentially become provinces of Athenian empire. League members essentially become provinces of Athenian empire. Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens. Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens.

Pericles’ Plan for Athens Pericles as Leader Pericles as Leader Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected general Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected general Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C. Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

Pericles’ Plan for Athens Stronger Democracy Stronger Democracy Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracy Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracy Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through representatives Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through representatives

Social patterns in Ancient Cities Social patterns – substantial wealth available only to elite, gain access to benefits that society would have to be a member, which in most cases meant being a citizen, but access to membership was restricted. There was limited by gender; men had full access to legal rights, women badly limited or no access to citizenship and few property rights. Second, membership limited by descent. Social patterns – substantial wealth available only to elite, gain access to benefits that society would have to be a member, which in most cases meant being a citizen, but access to membership was restricted. There was limited by gender; men had full access to legal rights, women badly limited or no access to citizenship and few property rights. Second, membership limited by descent.

Social patterns …. Ancient civilization used patrilineal descent systems, male children inherit father’s positions, including property and social obligations. Precapitalist economy no wage labor so no working class; small artisan class produce necessary items for household consumption. Real engine of the economy production of public goods and services/slave labor. Slaves by definition were excluded from participation in political and economic system despite constituting three- fourths of population in Athens at its peak in fifth century BC. Ancient civilization used patrilineal descent systems, male children inherit father’s positions, including property and social obligations. Precapitalist economy no wage labor so no working class; small artisan class produce necessary items for household consumption. Real engine of the economy production of public goods and services/slave labor. Slaves by definition were excluded from participation in political and economic system despite constituting three- fourths of population in Athens at its peak in fifth century BC.

Pericles’ Plan for Athens Athenian Empire Athenian Empire Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet. Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet. Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power. Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power. Glorifying Athens Glorifying Athens Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole league’s consent. Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole league’s consent.

Glorious Art and Architecture Architecture and Sculpture Architecture and Sculpture Pericles builds the Parthenon—a large temple to honor the goddess Athena. Pericles builds the Parthenon—a large temple to honor the goddess Athena. Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts 30 foot statue of Athena Within temple, sculptor Phidias crafts 30 foot statue of Athena Sculptors create graceful, strong, perfectly formed figures. Sculptors create graceful, strong, perfectly formed figures. Classical art—values harmony, order, balance, proportion, beauty Classical art—values harmony, order, balance, proportion, beauty

Drama and History Tragedy and Comedy Tragedy and Comedy Greeks invent drama as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetry Greeks invent drama as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetry Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedy Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedy Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of love, hate, and war Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of love, hate, and war Comedy—makes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humor Comedy—makes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humor

Greek Art Sculptors tried to create graceful, strong and perfectly formed art. Sculptors tried to create graceful, strong and perfectly formed art. Tried to capture movement and sculpted bodies in what they thought was perfect physical form Tried to capture movement and sculpted bodies in what they thought was perfect physical form

Greek art reflected: Greek art reflected: A. Order A. Order B. Balance B. Balance C. Proportion C. Proportion This is why Greek art works are examples of CLASSICAL ART This is why Greek art works are examples of CLASSICAL ART Greek Art

A Greek theater

The Peloponnesian War ( B.C.) Nearly all of Greece was polarized between two alliances.

Athenians and Spartans Go to War War Begins War Begins 431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athens—the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. 431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athens—the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War Sparta has a better army. Sparta has a better army. Athens has a better navy. Athens has a better navy. Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many— including Pericles. Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many— including Pericles. Sparta and Athens sign a truce in 421 B.C. Sparta and Athens sign a truce in 421 B.C.

Athenians and Spartans Go to War Sparta Gains Victory Sparta Gains Victory 415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks Syracuse on the island of Sicily. 415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks Syracuse on the island of Sicily. Athens is defeated in 413 B.C. Athens is defeated in 413 B.C. Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta in 404 B.C. Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta in 404 B.C.

The Great Pelloponnesian war The Peloponnesian War weakened the Greek city-states and ruined cooperation among them. The Peloponnesian War weakened the Greek city-states and ruined cooperation among them. These internal struggles caused the Greeks to ignore the growing power of Macedonia (north of Greece), an oversight that cost the Greeks their freedom. These internal struggles caused the Greeks to ignore the growing power of Macedonia (north of Greece), an oversight that cost the Greeks their freedom. This will lead us into the Hellenistic Age when Alexander the Great takes over. This will lead us into the Hellenistic Age when Alexander the Great takes over.

Philosophers Search for Truth Rise of Great Philosophers Rise of Great Philosophers After the war, thinkers emerge who are called “lovers of wisdom.” This is from the Greek words: After the war, thinkers emerge who are called “lovers of wisdom.” This is from the Greek words: phileo-to love phileo-to love sophia—wisdom sophia—wisdom Philosophers believe the universe is subject to absolute and unchanging laws. Philosophers believe the universe is subject to absolute and unchanging laws. People could understand these laws through logic and reason. People could understand these laws through logic and reason.

Philosophers Search for Truth The Sophists The Sophists The word means “the wisest,” so they were proud of their supposed philosophical knowledge. The word means “the wisest,” so they were proud of their supposed philosophical knowledge. They claimed they could find the answers to all questions. They claimed they could find the answers to all questions. They used rhetoric to win arguments. They used rhetoric to win arguments. They often charged fees for teaching their skills and for arguing for others. They might be considered a type of lawyer of the time. They often charged fees for teaching their skills and for arguing for others. They might be considered a type of lawyer of the time. Sophist philosopher Protogoras questions the existence of Greek gods. Sophist philosopher Protogoras questions the existence of Greek gods.

Philosophers Search for Truth Socrates Socrates He believes in questioning and teaches through the method of questioning. He believes in questioning and teaches through the method of questioning. He is believed to have said “The unexamined life is not worth living.” He is believed to have said “The unexamined life is not worth living.” He is convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens and neglecting the city’s gods He is convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens and neglecting the city’s gods Sentenced to death in 399 B.C. Sentenced to death in 399 B.C. He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow acting poison. He dies by drinking hemlock, a slow acting poison.

Philosophers Search for Truth Plato Plato He is a student of Socrates. He is a student of Socrates. He writes The Republic, about an ideal society ruled by Philosopher-Kings He writes The Republic, about an ideal society ruled by Philosopher-Kings 3 Classes: Farmers/Artisans, Warriors, Ruling 3 Classes: Farmers/Artisans, Warriors, Ruling His writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years. His writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years.

Philosophers Search for Truth Aristotle Aristotle He was a student of Plato. He was a student of Plato. He uses rules of logic for argument. He uses rules of logic for argument. His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used today. His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used today. He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes Alexander the Great He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes Alexander the Great