Paper 1 Mon 11 th May Studying Society Education Families Paper 1 Mon 11 th May Studying Society Education Families Paper 2 Thurs 14 th May Crime & Deviance Mass Media Power Social Inequality Paper 2 Thurs 14 th May Crime & Deviance Mass Media Power Social Inequality

Studying Society  Difference between sociological, biological, psychological & journalistic approaches to studying society  Social structures (family, education & stratification systems)  Social processes (socialisation, social control, social change)  Social issues (Inequality, power & authority)  Describe research process  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey  Advantages & disadvantages of direct, participant & non-participant observation  Distinguish between primary & secondary sources of data & state advantages & disadvantages  Be aware of ethical issues that might arise as part of research process

Psychologists Focus on individual behaviour and mental functioning. Psychologists Focus on individual behaviour and mental functioning. Journalists Research is less thorough and reporting may be biased or one-sided. Sensationalist stories to sell newspapers. Journalists Research is less thorough and reporting may be biased or one-sided. Sensationalist stories to sell newspapers. Biology Look for biological causes or characteristics in individuals when studying human behaviour. Scientific experiments. Biology Look for biological causes or characteristics in individuals when studying human behaviour. Scientific experiments. Sociologists study the influences on human life. They focus on groups rather than individual behaviour. Sociologists may research into the same social issues but sociologists select evidence and use it in a balanced way. Sociologists view behaviour as social or cultural rather than biological.  Difference between sociological, biological, psychological & journalistic approaches to studying society

1.Describe how the psychological approach to studying people differs from the sociological approach 2.Describe the difference between sociological and journalistic approaches to gathering information about social issues 3.Describe how sociologists investigate families and their lives compared with how journalists might investigate families and their lives. 4.Describe how sociologists may approach a study of truancy and explain how this might differ from the approach of psychologists.

Heads Social structures… Social processes… Social issues… Social stratification… Tails Issues and problems that affect individuals. Groups and communities in their daily lives such as fear of crime, inequality and poverty. The way society is structured or divided into hierarchical strata or layers with the most privileged at the top and the least privileged at the bottom The groups and institutions that make up society such as families, the education system and the social stratification system Processes such as socialisation, social control and social change  Social structures  Social processes  Social issues

Social Structure: The groups and institutions that make up society Social stratification Social class Families Education Work Social Process: processes that shape society Socialisation Primary socialisation Secondary socialisation Social control Informal control Formal control Social Issue: problems in society Poverty Fear of crime Moral panic Media amplification  Social structures  Social processes  Social issues

Some key terms Norms and values: informal rules guiding our behaviour in situations. Culturally specific. Are disproved of but not necessarily breaking the law. Culture: shared way of life determined by a society’s norms, values and rules. Cultural diversity – cultures are different depending on time and place. Socialisation: the lifelong process of learning the skills, customs, attitudes, norms and values of your culture. Learning to be a participating member of society.

Primary socialisation: informal process where your culture’s norms and values are learnt. Takes place in early childhood and is usually by parents. Learn things such as gender identity and how to walk and talk. Secondary socialisation: makes sure that the norms and values are reinforced throughout life. -School through the formal and hidden curriculum -Mass media – political socialisation -The workplace through working with others and learning skills

Quick revision – What are the 5 agents of socialization? School/ work Mass Media Families Religion Peer groups

What social rules do we all follow? Correct behaviour LawsNormsMoralsValues Laws- these are written down, if we break them, we are punished in some way. They are written by government or those in power. Norms- these refer to ‘normal’ behaviour, the way we are expected to act on a day to day basis. Norms can vary from place to place. Morals- are our sense of right and wrong. If we break the moral code people would be angry. Values- are a sense of what is important. They are even stronger than norms and morals. They are important underlying ideas that control how we act.

Quick revision – What are the 5 agents of social control? School/ work Legal system Families Religion Peer groups Which are formal and which are informal? How do they ensure conformity?  Social structures  Social processes  Social issues

Name that keyword! 1) The V, that we all share according to our culture. We all follow them and they shape our behaviour. 2) The N, that shape our behaviour, these are based on our values according to our culture. 3) What S, is the way we teach our children how to fit into our society and culture. 4) What G, shows whether you are masculine or feminine? 5) What A, goes in front of the words socialisation to describe something like family and the media – what are these? 6) There are two types of agents of socialisation - P and S.  Social structures  Social processes  Social issues 1.Explain what sociologists mean by peer group pressure. 2.Explain what sociologists mean by age discrimination 3.Explain what sociologists mean by joint domestic roles. 4.Explain what sociologists mean by social deprivation.

Research aims & hypothesis A theory you’re looking to prove/disprove Carrying out a pilot study Small-scale trial run to check your questions etc Selecting a sample Who are you going to ask? How? Collecting the data Primary/secondary? Quantitative/qualitative? Analysing the data Interpreting/making sense of the data. Making graphs etc Evaluating Did you prove/disprove your hypothesis?  Describe the research process

One reason is because a pilot study often shows up mistakes or problems. For example, by piloting a questionnaire, a sociologist can check whether the wording of questions is clear to the respondents. The sociologist can also check that the questionnaire doesn’t take too long to complete. If it takes up too much time or some questions are unclear, the sociologist can change the questionnaire before sending out lots of copies. Exam Practice Identify and explain one reason why sociologists use a pilot study in questionnaire-based research. (4 marks)

Picking the questions… Open questions: Respondents can give a full answer Closed questions: Respondents choose from a small selection of answers e.g. yes/no Graded responses: Respondents grade their answers e.g. strongly agree, agree, disagree etc This will depend on whether you are looking for quantitative or qualitative data  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey

Qualitative or quantitative?  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey

Quantitative (i.e. quantity – numbers, stats, graphs etc) Qualitative (i.e. quality – interviews, open questions etc) Social survey Questionnaires Structured interviews (closed questions) Some forms of observation (e.g. counting number of times boys are told off in a lesson) Government official statistics British Crime Survey Census Interviews (open questions, unstructured) Most forms of observation (participant/non-participant, covert/overt) Focus group Questionnaires (open questions) Historical documents Personal documents (letters, diaries etc) Mass Media (films, documentaries etc) Why might a sociologist use secondary data? Why might they prefer primary data?  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey  Distinguish between primary & secondary sources of data & state advantages & disadvantages

Quantitative research – i.e. counting or measuring Questionnaires, Surveys etc AdvantagesDisadvantages Can compare data easily (graphs, statistics etc) Can reach large samples (e.g. postal questionnaires) Can be less time consuming (as don’t have to meet face to face) Accurate data as not led by observer Can carry out longitudinal studies i.e. over a long period of time Statistics don’t answer question of why? Closed questions may be misunderstood so may lack validity May limit responses Think of an example of research that would be suited to quantitative research.

Qualitative research – i.e. ethnographic (whole answer rather than just statistics) There are two main methods of qualitative research: 1)Observations 2)Interviews 3)(Questionnaires – open questions)  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey  Distinguish between primary & secondary sources of data & state advantages & disadvantages

Observations Participant observation Non-participant observation Overt observation Covert observation Researcher takes part in activities in order to study it e.g. joins a gang. Researcher observes from a distance e.g. observing a lesson. Respondents know they are being observed. Respondents do not know they are being observed. n.b observations could also be quantitative if noting statistics  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey  Distinguish between primary & secondary sources of data & state advantages & disadvantages  Advantages & disadvantages of direct, participant & non-participant observation

Observations Participant observation Non-participant observation Overt observation Covert observation Researcher takes part in activities in order to study it e.g. joins a gang. Researcher observes from a distance e.g. observing a lesson. Respondents know they are being observed. Respondents do not know they are being observed. n.b observations could also be quantitative if noting statistics  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey  Distinguish between primary & secondary sources of data & state advantages & disadvantages  Advantages & disadvantages of direct, participant & non-participant observation

Research method AdvantageDisadvantage Participant observation Non-participant observation Overt observation Covert observation Observer can be a part of the process so can really see & experience what is going on Can be dangerous for observer Observer remains safeObserver cannot get a feel for what is happening Ethical“observer effect” means respondents may act differently Respondents act as they normally would Unethical  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey  Distinguish between primary & secondary sources of data & state advantages & disadvantages

Qualitative research – i.e. observing or interviewing AdvantagesDisadvantages Can provide full picture of answers and reasons behind them (ethnographic) Can be used to inform answers to social issues Not easy to compare May be time consuming to analyse Observer may be biased when interpreting Think of an example of research that would be suited to qualitative research.  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey  Distinguish between primary & secondary sources of data & state advantages & disadvantages

Which research method & why? 1)Criminal behaviour at football matches 2)Attitudes towards single mothers 3)GCSE subject choices of boys and girls 4)Which political parties are most popular The best research method is triangulation i.e. test the accuracy of one method by checking it against research from another method.

Sampling – who are you going to ask? Random Stratified Systematic Quota Snowball Opportunistic Set quota controls e.g. age, sex, ethnicity etc. For example “I will only question teenage girls.” Use a sampling frame (list) and choose respondents using a pattern e.g. “I will question every 10 th person on this list.” Ask a small group of people and then get them to pass it on to another set of people e.g “I will ask 10 single mums and then get them to ask another 10 single mums.” Use a sampling frame (list) and choose respondents randomly so that everyone has an equal chance of being chosen e.g. “I will choose a random 10 people from this list.” Select the group based on the makeup of a certain strata e.g. “There are 60% girls and 40% boys in this school. Therefore, 60% of those I sample will be girls and 40% boys.” Questioning anyone available

Sampling – who are you going to ask? Random Stratified Systematic Quota Snowball Opportunistic Set quota controls e.g. age, sex, ethnicity etc. For example “I will only question teenage girls.” Use a sampling frame (list) and choose respondents using a pattern e.g. “I will question every 10 th person on this list.” Ask a small group of people and then get them to pass it on to another set of people e.g “I will ask 10 single mums and then get them to ask another 10 single mums.” Use a sampling frame (list) and choose respondents randomly so that everyone has an equal chance of being chosen e.g. “I will choose a random 10 people from this list.” Select the group based on the makeup of a certain strata e.g. “There are 60% girls and 40% boys in this school. Therefore, 60% of those I sample will be girls and 40% boys.” Questioning anyone available

Ethical issues Anonymity = can you ensure that no-one finds out who your respondents are? Confidentiality = can you ensure that private answers are kept private? Informed consent = do your respondents understand what they are consenting to?  Be aware of ethical issues that might arise as part of research process

Exam Questions – There will always be a set of questions asking you to plan a research project (e) As a sociologist, you have been asked to investigate attitudes towards citizenship education among students in a large comprehensive school. (i) Identify and explain one possible ethical issue that you might need to address while you are carrying out your research (4 marks) (ii) Identify one secondary source of information that you would use in your study and explain why you would use this source (4 marks) (iii) Identify one primary method of research that you would use in your study and explain why this method would be better than another primary method for collecting the data that you need (6 marks)

1.Explain one way in which the findings from sociological research might help governments to develop policies to reduce racial discrimination in Britain. 2.Explain one way in which the findings from sociological research might help governments to develop policies to reduce antisocial behaviour in Britain. 3.Explain how the use of primary research might be useful for research into role conflict experienced by working women 4.Explain one way in which sociological research might help educational authorities to design policies to reduce truancy in Britain.

Studying Society  Difference between sociological, biological, psychological & journalistic approaches to studying society  Social structures (family, education & stratification systems)  Social processes (socialisation, social control, social change)  Social issues (Inequality, power & authority)  Describe research process  Advantages & disadvantages of forms of social survey  Advantages & disadvantages of direct, participant & non-participant observation  Distinguish between primary & secondary sources of data & state advantages & disadvantages  Be aware of ethical issues that might arise as part of research process

Paper 1 Mon 11 th May Studying Society Education Families Paper 1 Mon 11 th May Studying Society Education Families Paper 2 Thurs 14 th May Crime & Deviance Mass Media Power Social Inequality Paper 2 Thurs 14 th May Crime & Deviance Mass Media Power Social Inequality