Agenda – 9/16/14 Warm-up: Respond to the two questions at the end of Olaudah Equiano on Slavery article. 1)Slavery discussion 2)Finish colonial life notes 3)US Colonial Regions – Map and Chart of the British colonial regions.

Characteristics of Colonial Life

Read “Richard Hakluyt, an argument for colonization” Discuss

The Columbian Exchange Pretty soon, all sorts of products were being exchanged between the “Old World” and the “New World”. Columbian Exchange - Exchange (both intentional and unintentional) of crops, animals, technology and diseases between the Old and New Worlds.

From Old World to New World FOOD – Wheat, Oats, Sugar, Peanuts, Onions, Pears, Grapes, Peaches ANIMALS – Cattle, Horses, Pigs, Sheep, Donkeys

From Old World to New World DISEASES – Amoebic dysentery, Bubonic Plague, Influenza (the flu), Malaria, Smallpox, Measles, Yellow Fever, Whooping Cough TECHNOLOGY – Gunpowder, Ranching, Rubber, Iron tools, Wheels

New World to Old World FOOD – cocoa, beans, white potato, sweet potato, peppers, tomatoes, corn, squash ANIMALS – Turkeys, llamas, guinea pigs

New World to Old World DISEASES – syphilis That’s It (and even this is debatable)

Impacts of the Columbian Exchange? Discuss

Joint-Stock Company Business ventures in which shares of a company can be purchased by shareholders. Each shareholder owns a certain percentage of the company and gets the same percentage of the company’s profit.

Joint-Stock Company Establishing colonies could be very profitable, but it was very risky and expensive. Creating joint- stock companies helped minimize the risk.

Joint-Stock Company Examples of joint-stock companies include the Virginia Company of London (or London Company) which established Jamestown, and the Plymouth Company.

Mercantilism A colonial policy where a country creates colonies to establish a “favorable balance of trade” –Sell more than you buy

Mercantilism This was the whole purpose of setting up colonies. If you produced your own products, you don’t have to pay extra to get them from another country.

Mercantilism To ensure that the colonies were sending resources back to the joint-stock companies who founded them, the English government passed the Navigation Acts.

Navigation Acts A series of laws passed from to enforce the policy of mercantilism and establish British economic control over the colonies.

All trade had to be done on English ships All ship’s crews had to be ¾ English. Certain products, like tobacco and sugar, could only be shipped to England. All other trade had to take place by way of England.

What were the advantages and disadvantages of mercantilism and the Navigation Acts? Discuss

Mercantilism and the Navigation Acts Positives? Negatives?

Triangle Trade An intentionally designed trade route that linked Africa, Europe and the Americas.

The “Middle Passage” The horrible and inhumane route where slaves were brought to the New World.

Impact of the Triangle Trade? Read Olaudah Equiano’s work and discuss.

Salutary Neglect As time passed, events like the Civil War caused the English to not enforce the Navigation Acts as well as they could. Also, colonial merchants found ways around the laws to maximize their profits. This led to an unofficial policy called salutary neglect.

Salutary Neglect This was a period from around where the English didn’t strongly enforce mercantilist policies or get too involved in colonial governments. Meh… Do whatever you want…

How did salutary neglect benefit the colonies? Discuss

What are the pros and cons of moving to the colonies? Pros Cons

Read “Gottlieb Mittelberger on the trade in indentured servants”. Discuss

Joint-stock companies, and later the English government, had difficulty getting colonists to move to the colonies, especially in the South. They had to come up with creative ways of encouraging immigration.

Headright system Investors encouraged settlement of Virginia by giving any man 50 acres if he paid his own way, and 50 more acres for every person he brought with him.

Indentured Servants If you couldn’t pay for your own passage, you could get your trip paid for if you agreed to work for a land-owner for 5-7 years.

Read “Complaint of an indentured servant.” Discuss

SLAVERY In 1619 the first Africans were brought to America aboard a Dutch ship.

The majority of slaves were shipped to the Caribbean and South America.

Initially they served as indentured servants and earned their freedom and land ownership rights. Later groups were sold straight into slavery and had their rights revoked.

In 1662 the Virginia Hereditary Slavery Law decreed that children of black mothers “shall be bond or free according to the condition of the mother.” Other colonies passed similar laws around the same time.

Slavery Most slaves worked as unskilled plantation labor growing cash crops on plantations. A few learned skills, earned money and purchased their freedom.

Cash Crops Products, such as tobacco, indigo, cotton and rice, grown in large quantities for export.

Geographic Regions of Virginia