DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis All illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com Replication Cell Division

DNA Scientists

Who tried to find the genetic material but Failed? Instead he found TRANSFORMATION. Scientist injected mice with heat killed disease causing bacteria and alive good bacteria. The mice died of pneumonia. Some “factor” caused good bacteria to become disease causing bacteria. This is called TRANSFORMATION!

Griffith “F” for failing to find genetic material! But… He found TRANSFORMATION Griffith injected mice with heat killed disease causing bacteria and alive good bacteria. The mice died of pneumonia. Some “factor” caused good bacteria to become disease causing bacteria. This is called TRANSFORMATION!

Who actually found DNA was the “factor” that caused good bacteria to change into bad bacteria by testing each of the 4 macromolecules ? (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

Avery Remember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA; the factor that causes transformation

Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like? Hint: This scientist died from too much radiation 

Rosalind Franklin You may see this picture on the SOL!

Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded the Nobel Prize?

Watson & Crick Double Helix DNA Model

Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic material being transferred was DNA? Bacteriophage (Virus) Bacteria Cell Capsid (protein coat of virus)

Hershey & Chase Bacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and replication. Real Picture of a Bacteriophage DNA

Who found: % of Adenine = % Thymine % Cytosine = % Guanine What is this rule called?

CHARGAFF Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!

A, T, C, G Which ones are purines? Which are pyrimidines?

Hint: You “Pee Urine” (Purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house Out- house House Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine

What does DNA stand for ?

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

What is the shape of the DNA molecule called?

DOUBLE HELIX 2 sides like a ladder

What is DNA’s function?

DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins from amino acids

Sugar’s Name? What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?

Deoxyribose What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?

What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes? Cytoplasm

What are the specific structures that carry the genetic code found in the nucleus?

Chromosomes

Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide (building block = monomer)

Why is DNA Replication important?

Must have 2 identical strands of DNA Cell Division!

What are the steps of DNA Replication? 2 new DNA Strands

1.DNA unzips (opens up) 2.DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to the DNA and adds complimentary bases (A,T,C,G) to make new sides of DNA 3.Then, DNA Polymerase checks and edits the new side to make sure the proper nitrogen bases are added. 4.Two identical strands of DNA are created (S phase of cell cycle) 2 new DNA Strands

An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen bases C G G T A T G A T 1. What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication? 2. What bond holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

C G G T A T G A T Original strand l l l l l l l l l G C C A T A C T A New strand Hydrogen Bonds

What is the protein that DNA wraps around to coil up?

Histone

What is a Nucleosome?

Clusters of Histones with DNA wrapped around them.

List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G Nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose SugarRibose Sugar Thymine Uracil Double HelixSingle Strand

List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences MUST KNOW THIS! DNA RNA Similarities Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar - Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases Differences Deoxyribose SugarRibose Sugar Thymine base Uracil base Double HelixSingle Strand

Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab Why did we use… 1.Soap? 2.Salt? 3.Meat tenderizer? 4.Cold alcohol?

Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab Why did we use… 1.Soap: Breaks down cell and nucleus lipid membranes 2.Salt: Neutralizes (+) and (-) charges 3.Meat tenderizer: Breaks down the protein (Histones) that DNA wraps around 4.Cold alcohol: Precipitates out DNA

RNA What must you remember about RNA?

RNA Uracil base Hint: RNA loves “U”

Name the 3 different types of RNA and function of each

mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins out of DNA to ribosome (like a recipe) tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (like a sous chef bringing ingredients to chef) rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (Ribosome) makes the protein (like the chef) mRNA rRNA tRNA

What does RNA stand for? RNA

What does RNA stand for ? Ribonucleic Acid

What is the purpose of RNA? RNA

What is the purpose of RNA? To make PROTEINS!!! RNA

Where is RNA found?

CYTOPLASM

What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

What is the process called going from DNA → RNA? List the steps of this process.

DNA → RNA is called… “TRANSCRIPTION” 1.In the NUCLEUS, DNA unzips 2.RNA Polymerase binds to DNA 3.RNA Polymerase reads DNA’s nitrogen bases and makes and edits mRNA 4.mRNA goes out to cytoplasm through the nuclear pores

When RNA Polymerase is editing the mRNA during transcription, What is kept in? What is edited (cut) out?

What is the process going from RNA → Protein called? List the steps for this process.

RNA → Protein is called… “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer) 1.In the CYTOPLASM, rRNA attaches to mRNA 2.rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon” 3.Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon 4.Amino acids join to form polypeptide (amino acid) chain which is PROTEIN

What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

Codon What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

Anti-codon What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called? Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome 1 codon = 1 amino acid 3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon

How many amino acids are there? How many different codons code for those amino acids?

How many amino acids are there? 20 How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64

Can you Translate this? A U G U G C G U C U A A

What is a gene mutation? Not a real picture

Change in nucleotide sequence

What kind of DNA mutations are these? Name each type 1 2 3

What kind of DNA mutations are these? GENE MUTATIONS Name each type Substitution (Point Mutation) Insertion (Frame shift) Deletion (Frame shift) Substitution Point Mutation Insertion Frame shift Mutation Deletion Frame shift Mutation

Name all types of chromosomal mutations

Types of Chromosomal Mutations

Which one of these is not a gene mutation? Substitution? Deletion ? Insertion? Inversion? Picture shows a gene mutation in mice

Substitution = Point Mutation (gene) Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene) Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation I bet he can catch 3x more flies! Haha

What genes control the basic plan for where tissues and organs go in an embryo (organism)?

Hox Genes Not a real picture!

Keep studying until you can answer every questions correctly…