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Water source Water volume, in cubic miles Percent of total water Oceans317,000, % Icecaps, Glaciers 7,000, % Ground water 2,000, % Fresh-water lakes 30, % Inland seas 25, % Soil moisture 16, % Atmosphere3, % Rivers % Total water volume 326,000,000100%

The Hydrologic Cycle

Steps in the Water Cycle Evaporation: Δ from liquid to gas Evaporation: Δ from liquid to gas Condensation: Δ from gas to liquid; as temps cool, humidity increases and air becomes saturated Condensation: Δ from gas to liquid; as temps cool, humidity increases and air becomes saturated Precipitation: rain, snow, etc… Precipitation: rain, snow, etc…

Steps in the Water Cycle Runoff: Surface water movement Runoff: Surface water movement Percolation: Movement of water through pores in soil Percolation: Movement of water through pores in soil Infiltration: Downward movement of H 2 O in the ground due to gravity. Infiltration: Downward movement of H 2 O in the ground due to gravity.

Rain Shadow Effect Moist air precipitates and falls on the windward side Moist air precipitates and falls on the windward side Descending air warms and remains dry on the leeward side Descending air warms and remains dry on the leeward side

Watershed Land drained by a river system Land drained by a river system Lower Boise watershed Lower Boise watershed

Ground Water Water stored in below earth’s surface Water stored in below earth’s surface Infiltrates through zone of aeration Infiltrates through zone of aeration Accumulates in the zone of saturation Accumulates in the zone of saturation The interface is called the water table The interface is called the water table Water is stored in AQUIFERS Water is stored in AQUIFERS

How Do We Obtain Groundwater?? WELLS-holes that provide access to aquifers WELLS-holes that provide access to aquifers SPRINGS-where groundwater is exposed to the surface SPRINGS-where groundwater is exposed to the surface

Salt H2O Intrusion When salt water moves through the aquifer When salt water moves through the aquifer

Residential Use Average household in U.S. uses 300 liters per day. Average household in U.S. uses 300 liters per day. Most people take water for granted on a daily basis. How would you be affected if you ran out? Most people take water for granted on a daily basis. How would you be affected if you ran out? Activity Daily Consumption Brushing Teeth liters Shaving liters Washing hands and face 4-8 liters Showering liters Tub bathing liters Machine Dishwashing liters Dishwashing in Sink liters Clothes Washing liters Toilet Flushing liters

Industrial Use Industry uses about 44% of all fresh water Industry uses about 44% of all fresh water Used to transport goods and dispose of wastes. Used to transport goods and dispose of wastes. Used as a power source and a coolant. Used as a power source and a coolant. Used extensively in mining and manufacturing. Used extensively in mining and manufacturing. It takes 15,000 liters to make one home washing machine. It takes 15,000 liters to make one home washing machine.

Desalinization – the process by which salts are removed from water. Some societies depend on saltwater for irrigations, drinking, and cooking. Desalinization – the process by which salts are removed from water. Some societies depend on saltwater for irrigations, drinking, and cooking. Desalinization is accomplished by distillation, reverse osmosis, and freezing. Desalinization is accomplished by distillation, reverse osmosis, and freezing. Very expensive, typically costs four times as much as getting fresh water from traditions sources. Very expensive, typically costs four times as much as getting fresh water from traditions sources. Technology will eventually bring costs down. Technology will eventually bring costs down. Desalinization

Water Purification Water purification removes harmful chemicals and microorganisms that make water unpotable. Water purification removes harmful chemicals and microorganisms that make water unpotable. Sedimentation and filtration-suspended particles settle out and remaining water is filtered to remove debris. Sedimentation and filtration-suspended particles settle out and remaining water is filtered to remove debris. Aeration-the exposure of water to air and sunlight. Bacteria break down organic matter during this process. Aeration-the exposure of water to air and sunlight. Bacteria break down organic matter during this process. Sterilization-extreme heat or chemicals used to remove remaining harmful microorganisms. Chlorine is most common method of sterilization. Ozone is also used widely as a method of sterilization. Sterilization-extreme heat or chemicals used to remove remaining harmful microorganisms. Chlorine is most common method of sterilization. Ozone is also used widely as a method of sterilization.

Groundwater Contamination Essay Question Essay Question Think of a possible source of groundwater contamination in the Treasure Valley. What might be the cause of contamination and who would be affected by it. What steps might you take to remediate the site. Think of a possible source of groundwater contamination in the Treasure Valley. What might be the cause of contamination and who would be affected by it. What steps might you take to remediate the site.