Chapter 04 The Analysis and Design of Work Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage

Work-flow Design  Work-flow design- process of analyzing tasks necessary for production of a product or service, prior to assigning tasks to a particular job category or person.  Organization structure - relatively stable and formal network of vertical and horizontal interconnections among jobs that constitute the organization. 4-2

Work-flow Analysis  Work-flow analysis is useful in providing a means for managers to understand all tasks required to produce a high-quality product and the skills necessary to perform those tasks.  Work-flow analysis includes analyzing:  work outputs  work processes  work inputs 4-3

Developing a Work-Unit Activity Analysis U 4-4

Organization Structure  Organization structure provides a cross- sectional overview of the static relationship between individuals and units that create outputs.  Two dimensions of structure are: 1. Centralization 2. Departmentalization 4-5

Structural Configuration 4-6

Importance of Job Analysis to HR Managers Work Redesign HR Planning Job Analysis Performance Appraisal Career Planning Selection Training & Development Job Evaluation Job Analysis 4-7

Job Analysis Information 4-8

Sample Job Description Job Title: Maintenance Mechanic General Job Description: General maintenance and repair of all equipment used in operations of a particular district. Includes servicing company used vehicles, shop equipment and machinery used on job sites. 1. Essential duty (40%) Maintenance of Equipment 2. Essential duty (40%) Repair of Equipment 3. Essential duty (10%) Testing and Approval 4. Essential duty (10%) Maintain Stock Nonessential functions: Other duties assigned 4-9

Job Analysis Methods Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) Fleishman Job Analysis System (FJAS) Occupational Information Network (ONET) 4-10

PAQ’s 6 Sections Information InputRelationships Mental ProcessesJob Context Work OutputOther Characteristics 4-11

Position Analysis Questionnaire Dimensions  Decision/communication/general responsibilities  Clerical/related activities  Technical/related activities  Service/related activities  Regular day schedule versus other work schedules  Routine/repetitive work activities  Environmental awareness  General physical activities  Supervising/coordinating other personnel  Public/customer/related contact activities  Unpleasant/hazardous/demanding environment  Non-typical work schedules 4-12

Job Design and Job Redesign 4-13

Four Approaches Used in Job Design 4-14

Mechanistic Approach Specialization Skill Variety Work Methods Autonomy 4-15

Motivational Approach Decision-making autonomy Task significance Interdependence 4-16

Job Characteristics Model A model of how job design affects employee reaction 4-17

Biological Approach Physical demands Ergonomics Work conditions 4-18

Perceptual-Motor Approach Job complexity Information processing Equipment use 4-19

The Importance of Job Analysis to Line Managers 1. Managers must have detailed information about all the jobs in their work group to understand work-flow process. 2. Managers need to understand job requirements to make intelligent hiring decisions. 3. Managers must clearly understand tasks required in every job. 4-20

Trade-Offs Among Job Design Approaches 4-21