Mitotic Cell Cycle DNA Replication. G1SG2 G1 M-Phase.

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Presentation transcript:

Mitotic Cell Cycle DNA Replication

G1SG2 G1 M-Phase

Binding site for Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) (ORC)

(G1 Phase) (G2 Phase) Semi-Conservative DNA Replication

Completing Synthesis of the Lagging Strand (5’ to 3” exonuclease) * *

DNA Polymerase “proof reading”

Thymine Tautomers Pairs with Adenine Pairs with Guanine (common form) (rare form)

End Replication Problem Final RNA primers removed Second round of DNA replication First round of DNA replication * * * * A

Telomere Synthesis

Normal Cell Telomeres Short Telomeres Apoptosis

Telomerase Inhibitor Apoptosis Telomostatin

Cohesion of Sister Chromatids

Interphase and M-Phase Chromosomes

Condensation of Chromatids

Kinetochore Pg. 645

Kinetochore

Mitotic Spindle

Pg. 641 MetaphaseAnaphase

Start of Anaphase P

Anaphase “A” and “B”

Nuclear Lamina

Pg. 576

Control Points in the Mitotic Cell Cycle Positive Control by Cyclin/Cdk Negative Control By p53

Cyclin Protein Levels Vary During the Cell Cycle

Pg. 257 Ubiquitin-dependent Protein Degradation Proteasome Peptides + Ub Protein Ub-Ub-Ub Protein + Ub APC (Ubiquitin Ligase)

Cyclin/Cdk Complexes During the Cell Cycle Expression of M-cyclin Gene Expression of S-cyclin Gene Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis

(RTK) (Ras-MAP Kinase) Activation of “S-Phase Genes” Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates Rb Protein

Inactivating the Cyclin/Cdk Complex Active Cdc4 Ubiqutin Ligase

Cyclin/Cdk Complexes During the Cell Cycle Expression of M-cyclin Gene Expression of S-cyclin Gene Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

The p53 Cell Cycle Checkpoint DNA Repair System Apoptosis or Short Telomeres

Cyclin/Cdk Complexes During the Cell Cycle Expression of M-cyclin Gene Expression of S-cyclin Gene Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis

Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates Nuclear Lamins M-Cyclin/Cdk

Cyclin/Cdk Phosphorylates APC M-Cyclin/Cdk P

Normal Cell Apoptotic Cell

The “Death” Receptor

Release of Cytochrome C from Mitochondria Pg. 628

Caspase Activation Pg. 627

Caspase Cascade Pg. 627

Overview of Mammalian Development

(~ 9 weeks)

Asymmetric Cell Divisions of Meiosis (Metaphase II) (Mitosis)

Egg Cell and Sperm Cells Pg. 661

8 cell Embryo (morula) “Cleavage” Divisions 50 µm

Blastocycst Uterus Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass (ICM) 50 µm Trophoblast Blastocoel

Early Embryonic Development (~ 7 days)

Drosophila melanogaster (a.k.a. Fruit Fly)

The eyeless (ey) Gene Controls Eye Development

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Pg. 288 Ectopic Expression of Mouse ey Gene Group of cells that give rise to adult wing

Expression of Mouse ey Gene in Wing Precursor Cells

Homeotic Genes

HoxD13 mutation Synpolydactyl Phenotype

Stem Cell Concept Signal Molecules? Pg. 721

Pluripotent Embryonic Stem Cells Pg. 724 Signal E Signal D Signal C Signal B Signal A IVF “Stem Cell Line”

Colony of Embryonic Stem Cells

Teratomas Neural epithelia Retinal epithelia Bone Cartilage

Pg. 725 “enucleated egg” “Donor” Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Reconstructed Zygote

Pg. 725 “enucleated egg” “Donor” Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Reconstructed Zygote

Pluripotent Stem Cells Without Embryos? November 20, 2007