The Muslim World (622–1650) Ch. 10

The Teachings of Islam  Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula and became one of the world’s major religions.  Islam is monotheistic, based on the belief in one God.  Muslims believe that the Koran (Qu’ran, Quran) contains the sacred word of God and is the final authority on all matters.

Muhammad Became the Prophet of Islam Muhammad said he heard the angel Gabriel calling him to be the messenger of God. Muhammad:  devoted his life to spreading Islam.  made a journey from Mecca to Medina, where he was welcomed by Muslim converts. This was a turning point for Islam know as hijra.  returned to Mecca and worked to unite Arabs under Islam.

All Muslims accept five duties, known as the Five Pillars of Islam: 1-Declaration of Faith 2-Daily prayer- many gather in a house of worship called a mosque, a muezzin, climbs to the top of a minaret to call people to prayer. (5x day) 3-Charity (Alms Giving)

4-Fasting during Ramadan 5-Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca *Some Muslims look on jihad, or effort in God’s service, as another duty. Jihad has often been mistakenly translated as “holy war”- it includes acts of charity or inner struggle to achieve spiritual peace, as well as defense of Islam.

Islam as a Way of Life  Islamic law, the Sharia, regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community.  Unlike the law codes that evolved in the West, the Sharia does not separate religious matters from criminal or civil law.  Islam affirmed the spiritual equality of women and men. The position of women in society varies from place to place.

Movements Within Islam Shortly after Muhammad’s death, divisions arose within Islam. SUNNISHIITES(Shia)SUFI Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim community. Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious authority. Believed that only descendants of Muhammad could become caliph. Believed descendants of Muhammad to be divinely inspired. Sought to communicate with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals.

Islam Spreads- An Age of Conquest

Islam Spreads: How were the Muslims able to conquer so many lands?  Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from years of fighting each other  People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab conquerors as liberator  Used bold, efficient fighting methods, which overwhelmed traditional armies  The common religion of Islam united a patchwork of tribes into a unified state

Spread of Islam Immediate Effects  Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to the Indus Valley  Centers of learning flourish Long-Term Effects  Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa through trade  Arabic becomes the shared language of Muslims  Split between Sunni and Shiites

The Umayyads and the Abbassids These powerful caliphates ruled the Islamic world, uniting the Arab empire, and brought about a golden age in Muslim civilization.UMAYYADS  Set up dynasty that ruled until 750  Conquered lands from Spain to India ABBASSIDS  Overthrew the Umayyads  Muslim empire reached its greatest wealth and power  Muslim civilization enjoyed a Golden Age

Golden Age of Muslim Civilization Muslim Society  Muslim rulers united people from different culturesMuslim civilization absorbed and blended many traditions  Muslim rulers united people from different cultures. As a result, Muslim civilization absorbed and blended many traditions  The class distinction between Arabs and non-Arabs faded over time  People enjoyed a certain degree of social mobility  Slavery was common

The Muslim Economy  Built a vast trading network across the Muslim world and beyond  New business practices: partnerships, credit, banks, and bank checks  Outside the cities, agriculture flourished

Muslim Art and Literature Influenced by:  Islamic religion  Blended traditions and styles of Greeks, Romans, Persians, and Indians

Muslim Advances in Learning Philosophy  Blended Greek ideas of reason with religious teachings of Islam Math  Invented algebra and wrote mathematics textbooks later used in Europe

Astronomy  Astronomers calculated circumference of the Earth Medicine  Set up hospitals with emergency rooms  Studied measles and smallpox  Wrote a medical encyclopedia  Surgeons developed treatment for cataracts

Decline of the Muslim Empire  Around 850, the caliphs became unable to maintain centralized control, and the empire fragmented.  In the 900’s, Turks invaded the Middle East and built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent.  In the 1200’s and 1300’s, Mongol invaders dominated the Middle East.

Muslims in India Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire

The Delhi Sultanate In the 1100’s, Muslim invaders entered northern India and organized a sultanate, or land ruled by a sultan.  Muslim traditions of government came to India.  Turks, Persians, and Arabs migrated to India to serve as soldiers or officials.  Trade between India and the Muslim world increased.  During the Mongol raids, many scholars fled from Baghdad to India, bringing Persian and Greek learning.

Hinduism and Islam Clash and Blend

Mughal Empire: Akbar the Great  Implemented policy of religious toleration  Employed paid officials, instead of hereditary officeholders  Modernized the army  Encouraged international trade  Standardized weights and measures During his long reign, Akbar united Mughal India. Akbar accomplished the following:

Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 1453–1629

The Ottoman and Safavid Empires “Gunpowder Empires” While the Mughals ruled India, the Ottomans and the Safavids ruled the Middle East and parts of Eastern Europe.  All three owed much of their success to new military technology, such as cannons and muskets.  As a result, the period from about 1450 to 1650 is sometimes called “the age of gunpowder empires.”

Ottoman Empire Under Suleiman  1450’s- Conquered the Byzantine Empire and re-name Constantinople to Istanbul.  Suleiman the Magnificent had absolute power, unites the empire.  Ottoman law was based on the Sharia.  Government and military officers included conquered people. Janizaries were the elite force of the Ottoman army.

Safavid Empire: Abbas the Great Shah, or king, Abbas the Great revived the glory of ancient Persian culture:  centralized government  created a powerful military and economy  tolerated non-Muslims and valued their economic contributions  made alliances with European states

Chapter Assessment- 9 th Period On a sheet of paper:  Pg. 336  #1-10  #11, 12, 21 Hand in when you are done and pick up the review sheet.

Chapter Assessment On a sheet of loose leaf paper:  Pg. 336  #1-20 Hand in when you are done and pick up the review sheet.