Chapter 5 Review: States of Consciousness 1. Sleep and Dreaming 2. Hypnosis 3. Drugs

Table 5.1 EEG Patterns Associated with States of Consciousness

Biological Rhythms and Sleep *Circadian Rhythms/cycle – 24 hr biological cycles-reacts to changes in darkness and light-OUR BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS –Regulates sleep/other body functions Physiological pathway: –Light levels  retina  suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus  pineal gland  secretion of melatonin=hormone that regulates our biological clock

Events that throw off our biological clock Jet Lag (cross times zones)- disrupts Circadian Rhythm

Sleep/Waking Research Instruments used in sleep labs: –Electroencephalograph(EEG) – brain electrical activity-shows levels of consciousness-electrodes to scalp –Electromyograph (EMG) – muscle activity –Electrooculograph (EOG)– eye movements –Other bodily functions also observed (heart rate, breathing, pulse)

Sleep Stages: Cycling Through Sleep Stage 1: brief, transitional, light sleep, drifting thoughts and images (1-7 minutes) –alpha  theta –hypnic jerks Stage 2: sleep spindles (burst of brain activity on EEG )-you are asleep here (10-25 minutes) Stages 3 & 4: slow-wave or delta sleep (30 minutes to get there and stay for 30 minutes) Stage 4: deepest phase; most difficult to wake from- marked secretion of growth hormone (GH-controls metabolism, physical growth, brain development) Stage 5 or REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Vivid Dreaming relatively deep, also called paradoxical sleep- heart rate, blood pressure 2X that of non-REM; EEG brain waves similar to awake, muscles paralyzed,

Sleep Cycle Stages 1-4 called NREM (non-REM)= little dreaming; dreams less vivid, no story line and varied EEG Activity

Sleep Cycle: Sleep cycle about four times, with REM short at first then gets longer (40 to 60 minutes) as night progresses Dream 2 hours a night Brain Structures: Reticular activating system (RAS) in brainstem controls sleeping, waking, alertness Acetylcholine=Neurotransmitter most important to sleep/waking

Sleep Deprivation Dreaming Necessary –Proof: 1.all mammals dream 2. REM Rebound/Rebound effect = when deprived of REM sleep, spend extra time in REM when able to sleep Rebound Effect -similar for slow wave, deep sleep (level 4) Deprived of REM= anxious, irritable, hungry

Why We Dream-4 Theories 1.Freud-wish fulfillment, satisfy unconscious needs/desires (no research to support) manifest Content=story line latent content=meaning and symbols 2. -Cognitive problem solving view-work through everyday problems- (limited empirical support) 3. Activation-Synthesis Model= a story is created to make sense of neural signals that produce “wide awake” brain waved during REM 4. Memory Consolidation/ Information-Processing Dream Theory=REM and slow wave (Deep sleep) “firm up” days learning=may be why babies need more sleep

Sleep Disorders Night Terrors – appearance of fear & panic – in NREM, more common in children, no dream or memory of event Insomnia –trouble falling/staying asleep/early waking Medications – benzodiazepine cause rebound insomnia Somnambulism – sleepwalking, for min., during slow wave sleep (deep, non- REM)-no memory of event, IS SAFE TO WAKEN THEM! Narcolepsy – falling asleep uncontrollably, from awake to REM for 10 to 20 minutes Sleep Apnea – reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep Nightmares – in REM-more common in children

Effects Produced through Hypnosis 1.Anesthesia for pain-WHY? –Diverts Attention 2.Sensory distortions and hallucinations 3.Inhibition (may occur because one feels one is not responsible for behavior) 4.Posthypnotic suggestion –amnesia of hypnotic events, but when pressed, events remembered

Hypnosis: Is it an Altered State of Consciousness? Hypnosis = state of increased suggestibility Hypnotic susceptibility: those suggestible will also respond to suggestion without hypnosis No changes in EEG activity from wake to this state Theories of Hypnosis: 1.Role Playing Theory (Spano)-subjects act out expected role-no special state of consciousness 2. It is an altered state of consciousness =proof is surgery without anesthetic 3.Dissociation Theory (.Earnest Hilgard) =hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness, one part – a hidden observer- monitors what is happening while the other part obeys hypnotisms suggestion-similar to highway hypnosis Side Question: Which Perspective would use hypnosis?

Psychoactive Drugs: Psychoactive drugs=drugs that change brain chemistry and induce altered state of consciousness How they work: Alter natural levels of neurotransmitters in the brain at synapses: Agonists-drugs that mimic neurotransmitters Antagonists – drugs that block their reuptake, causing more of neurotransmitter in synapses

How Drugs Work

Psychoactive Drugs Opiates–depresses CNS morphine, heroin; pain relieving=analgesic Depressants- depresses CNS alcohol, sedatives (barbiturates) - slows the CNS Stimulants Increases CNS activity amphetamine, cocaine (BLOCKS REUPTAKE OF DOPAMINE-Pleasure neurotransmitter), nicotine, caffeine – amphetamines used for hyperactivity, narcolepsy, and Binge eating Disorder Hallucinogens/Psychedelics distorts senses and perception, visual and auditory LSD, mescaline, Psilocybin, Marijuana (active ingredient THC)

Unit 5 Consciousness MDMA (or ecstasy-MOLLY) mix of amphetamines and hallucinogens  warm, friendly euphoria, sensual, empathetic Drug Terms: Withdrawal- Physical symptoms when no drug Tolerance- needing increasing amount of drug to get same effect Substance Dependence: Physical Dependence=tolerance, and experience withdrawal without it Psychological Dependence-need it to feel a certain way and to perform/function socially