Organic Chemistry Carbon is the basis of organic chemistry Carbon has the ability to make 4 covalent bonds. Carbon can repeatedly make covalent bonds to itself to make rings and chains. Carbon can make single, double or triple bonds to itself and other elements.

Aliphatic compounds are hydrocarbons which form a chain which may be straight or branched, not rings. When naming organic compounds, every compound should have its own unique name. The # of carbon atoms present must be indicated. Each name has a prefix which states the # of carbon atoms.

Alkanes Simplest hydrocarbons, they contain only carbon to carbon bonds (single bonds). The suffix –ane is used to show an Alkane (only single bonds).

To name Alkane Nomenclature 1. Find the longest continuous carbon chain 2. Use prefixes (table P) to indicate # of carbon atomsi n longest chain. 3. Use suffix “ane” to indicate single bonds

Alkenes & Alkynes Hydrocarbons which contain one double bond between carbon atoms. They use the suffix ene in naming Alkynes are hydrocarbons which contain one triple bond They use the suffix yne in naming

Unsaturated hydrocarbons Since the molecule has a double or triple bond, there are less H’s on the chain. His looks like they are missing H’s, we classify them as unsaturated. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. They have the max # of H’s on the chain – others are not.

Isomer When molecules have the same formula but different structre. Different substances, have different properties from each other. To give each isomer a name you need to use a # to indicate which C atom the double bond starts (lowest possible number is given to carbon closest to double bond)

C4H8 These molecules are different because their structures are different (double bond is in different places)

Numbering carbons Q- draw pentene A- Where’s the bond? We number C atoms Thus, naming compounds with multiple bonds is more complex than previously indicated Only if 2+ possibilities exist, are #s needed Always give double bond the lowest number Q - Name these Ethene 3-nonyne 2-butene C2H4C2H4 1-pentene

Cyclic structures Cyclic structures are circular Have “cyclo” in name Benzene is not a cyclic structure cyclopentane

Benzene Ring C6H6 Contains 6 carbons and 3 double bonds

Branched Alkanes These are saturated hydrocarbons which have carbon atoms which hang from the main chain. They are not a straight chain. Functional Group- is a group of atoms which hang off the main chain

Methyl Group- only has a single carbon in the branch ex. CH3 Ethyl group has two carbons in a branch ex: CH3CH2 Propyl group has 3 carbons branched Ex:CH3CH2CH2 If there are more than one functional group you must write prefix, di, tri, tetra

Naming side chains Names are made up of: side chains, root Root is the longest possible HC chain Must contain multiple bonds if present Add -yl to get name of side chain Common side chains include: CH 3 - methyl CH 3 CH 2 - ethyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 - propyl 2,3-dimethylpentane CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3

Rule 8,9: group similar branches 2-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-1-hexene Naming side chains ethyl methyl

Naming side chains 3-methylhexane 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane

Naming side chains 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane 3-ethyl-1,5,5- trimethylcyclohexene Name the structures below

IUPAC Rules for Halocarbon Nomenclature 1. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain. 2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain. Using the prefixes for each halogen. 3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituent group. 4. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order. 6. The prefixes di, tri, tetra are used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing. Cl- chloro, F- Fluoro, Br- Bromo

More practice 4-bromo-7-methyl-2-nonene

Alcohols An Alcohol is a substance where one or more carbons within a hydrocarbon are replaced with a –OH -OH is called a hydroxyl group Only one –OH can be attached to one carbon. CRT: R—OH Replace ending of name with -ol

Name this Alcohol

Ether An organic compound that contains an ether group Ether group- an oxygen atom connected to 2 hydrocarbon branches CRT: R-O-R IUPAC says: name each branch connected to O independently from each other -change ending to –yl of each group than add ether to the end of the name.

Name this Ether!

Aldehydes Compounds containing the functional group called the carbonyl group. Carbonyl group is a carbon double bonded to an oxygen at their the start or end of a chain. CRT:

Drop the –e ending from the hydrocarbon and change it to -al Name this Aldehyde!

Ketones Contain a carbonyl group within the middle of a carbon chain. CRT:

In order to name ketones, you drop the –e ending from the hydrocarbon name and add an –one. The location of the =O on the chain must be indicated with a number.

Name that Ketone!

Practice- Name each:

Organic Acids Carboxylic acids contain a -COOH group at the first (last) Carbon. Usually written R-COOH or R-CO2H Very weak acids that do not break up completely in water (dissociate). IUPAC naming : replace final –e with –oic acid

Name this Organic Acid!

Esters Esters are derived from carboxylic acids. Any carboxylic acid contains –COOH group. In an Ester, a hydrogen (not on the first carbon) is replaced with a –COO symbolized as R-COO-R

Esters smell nice, frangrances of many flowers, used in perfume, responsible for tastes of ripened ruits, Beeswax. Esters look like 2 they are in 2 parts. First name the alkyl (R) group (part hanging off of acid part) Than name the group which contains the double bond (R-COO-R) For this group, replace the oic acid as used previously with –oate.

Name that Ester!

Amines Think of Ammonia NH3 In amines, the hydrogen atoms in the ammonia are replaced one at a time by hydrocarbon groups. There are different types of amines based on how many hydrogen atoms are replaced.

In primary amines, that means 1 hydrogen has been replaced RNH2 where R is an alkyl group In secondary amines, 2 hydrogens are replaced. In tertiary amines, all of the hydrogens in an ammonia molecule have been replaced.

How to name: 1. name each branch of the hydrocarbon chain attached to the Nitrogen and end with amine. 2. –NH2 is an amino group, so you can name the hydrocarbon as usual but begin the name with amino 3. Name the longest hydrocarbon chain and replace the –e in –ane with amine.

What are the 3 different names of this amine?

1. 2-Propyl Amine Amino Propane 3. 2-Propanamine

Amides Amides are derived from carboxylic acids meaning the –COOH group In an amide the OH part of that group is replaced by an –NH2 group R-CONH2 IUPAC naming: replace the –e at the end with an -amide

Example

Name this amide! What would Ethyl ethanamide Look like?