ENERGY CONSERVATION USING LED ILLUMINATION Multi Unit Condo Area Copyright © 2014 MicroE3,LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Which would you rather have? Column A $500,000,000 cost to customers. $60,000,000 rebate to Contractor Column B $200 investment per customer $40 reduction in energy cost per month 225 lb reduction in CO2 emissions per month Copyright © 2014 MicroE3, LLC 2

Savings Payoff with LEDs Vs Cost Payout with Wind Energy over 20 years Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Purpose The Purpose of this presentation is to display the potential energy and cost savings that result from the replacement of Metal Halide Bulbs(HIDs) and Incandescent Bulbs with LED Bulbs. Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Reduce Energy Consumption Reduce CO2 Emissions One LED Street Light produces 271 lbs. of CO2 VS 1280 lbs. for a Metal Halide(HID) in one day Based on an average use of 12 hours a day over one year and 1.64 lbs.. of CO2 per Kilowatt hour(kwh) of delivered electricity* For a Condo Association with 24 Street Lights the reduction in CO2 emissions is 3977 metric Tons per year * resources/refs.htmlhttp:// Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Conservation and Cost Payoff with LEDs (Actual Data) Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC Installed LED’s

LED Street Light Replacement Bulb 37 Watt LED replacement for 175 watt HID Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

LED – Metal Halide Comparison for Multi Unit Condo Metal HalideLED Number of Streetlights24 Power per light175 Watts37 Watts Average Hours On12 Hours Average Power Used/Month1,500 Kw Hrs/Mo285 Kw Hrs/Mo Average CO2 emissions/mo1 metric ton.2 metric tons Average Life1 – 2 Years10 Years Maintenance IssuesLabor (Bucket Truck), 2 electricians Labor (Bucket Truck), 2 electricians Bulb Cost$30$165 Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Cost Comparison – Metal Halide vs LED Operating CostElectricity UsageCost10 Year Cost Metal Halide1,500 KWH/Mo$0.18/KWH $32,400 LED285 KWH/Mo$0.18/KWH $ 6,156 Bulb Replacement Total # Replaced Over 10 Years Cost10 Year Cost Metal Halide144 lamps$30/lamp $28,080 LED0$0 Initial CostsInitial Price per Bulb Bulbs neededTotal Initial Cost of Bulbs Metal Halide$3024 $ 720 LED$16524 $3,960 Metal Halide: 24 lamps replaced 6 times over a 10 year period at $30/bulb = 24 x 6 x 30 = $4,320 plus ballast replaced at $80/unit = 24 X 3 X $80 = $5,760 plus = 24X6X$125=$18,000 Static price of $0.18 KWH assumed Energy conservation promotions may significantly reduce initial LED bulb cost. Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

10 Year Cost Savings– Metal Halide vs LED Summary ExpenseMetal HalideLED Cost of Initial Bulbs$720$3,960 Operating Cost$32,400$6,156 Bulb Replacement Cost$28,080$0 Total Costs$61,200$10, Year Savings with LED $51,084 Annual Savings with LED $5,108 Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

10 Year CO2 Emission savings for Multi Unit Condo Metal Halide 1,500 kwh/month = 180,000 kwh/10 years This equates to 134 metric tons of CO2/10 years LED’s 285 kwh/month = 34,200 kwh/10years This equates to 25 metric tons of CO2/10 years Savings is 109 metric tons of CO2/ 10 years simply from 24 Street Lights Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Boston showing leadership in Energy Conservation City of Boston is converting over 95% of its approximately 60,000 street lights to LED’s One Third have been completed 20,000 lights X 12 hrs X175 Watts = 42,000 kwh per day (42,000kwh X 1.64 lbs. CO2 Per kwh)/2000 lbs/ton X.9 metric tons /per english ton = 31 metric tons With one third completed the emissions have been reduced by 31 metric tons a day When completed the reduction will be 93 metric tons/day Or 93 X 365 = metric tons per year Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Is Light Output Compromised? Light output is commonly referred to as Lumens. Output can be affected by a large variety of factors (light angle, area covered, reflectors, amount of wasted light etc.). Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Conclusions LEDs reduce fossil fuel based energy usage by conservation(reduced consumer cost) vs Renewable energy(increased consumer cost) While the initial cost of LED bulbs may be higher, they have a much longer lifespan than Metal Halide bulbs. Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Extend LED replacements to individual Residences Emission reductions can be accomplished in several ways. Approach should be accomplished by most economic method and with minimal impact on environment. Preferred approach is Conservation Conservation is Cheap Full LED replacement in a typical residence has dropped from approximately $1600 to about $300 Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

(Data from forms EIA-861- schedules 4A-D, EIA-861S and EIA-861U) Average Price includes Transmission Cost Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

LEDs make sense for households  Replace all the light bulbs in a Household With LED’s  Assume 40 Bulbs per Household ave.  Average energy use in MA and RI per month is 600 kwh  LED’s will reduce consumption by 25% or 150 kwh/month  This will reduce CO2 emissions by.11 Tons per month per household  This will also reduce the electric bill by $25.50 per month per household  Convert half of the 2,500,000 households in MA to LEDs  Energy reduction for state is 187,500,000 kwh per month  This will reduce CO2 emissions by 139,455 Metric Tons per month  This will reduce electric bills by $31,875,000 Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

LEDs make sense in Rhode Island  Convert half of the 410,000 households in RI to LEDs  Assume 40 Bulbs per Household ave.  Average Energy Usage per month is 600 kwh  LEDs will reduce consumption by 25%  Energy reduction for state per month is 30,750,000 kwh  CO2 Emissions reduced by 22,870 metric Tons  Cost savings per month for Customers is $5,220,000  Cost of $10 ea. $82,000,000  Payback period 16 Months  Deep Water Wind increase cost per kwh$.17  Consumer Cost increase for Alternative Energy $5,227,500 Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

LEDs make sense For RI the savings per month are $5,220,000 vs an increase in cost of 5,227,500 which is a differential of $10,447,500 or $51 per household per month. For MA the savings per month are $53,125,000 vs an increase in cost of $43,750,000 which is a differential of $96,875,000 or $77.50 per household per month. Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Emission and Energy Reductions resulting from the use of LED’s in Households Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

The Big Picture 2012, million homes in the United States consumed 1,375 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity Install LED’s in half the homes and the energy usage is reduced by 25% or 172 billion kwh which converts to a reduction of 128 million metric tons of CO2 emissions The global consulting firm McKinsey & Company found that $520 billion invested in energy efficiency in the United States could reduce projected energy demand 23 percent by This could be accomplished with LED’s at a cost reduction Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Small Investment Half of the 114 million homes in this country is 57 million 40 LED replacement bulbs at $20 each is $45 Billion McKinsey and Company estimated that $520 Billion would be needed to reduce the energy demand by 23%. Installing LED’s in 57 million homes would reduce the energy demand by 12.5% at a cost of 45 Billion Installing LED’s in Offices and Stores would provide another 10% minimum in energy consumption for the same $45 Billion Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Result CO2 emissions are reduced by more than 25% for less than 20% of the $520 Billion projected cost by McKinsey and Company Why are we considering the expensive energy alternatives when we can make substantial reduction in CO2 emissions and reduce Cost Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Back up Slides Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Reference for use of lbs. of CO2 per kilowatt-hour of delivered electricity Number of incandescent bulbs switched to compact fluorescent bulbs A 13 watt compact fluorescent light bulb produces the same light output as a 60 watt incandescent light bulb. Annual energy consumed by a light bulb is calculated by multiplying the power (60 watts) by the average daily use (3 hours / day) by the number of days per year (365). Assuming an average daily use of 3 hours per day, an incandescent bulb consumes 65.7 kWh per year, and a compact fluorescent light bulb consumes 14.2 kWh per year (EPA 2013). Annual energy savings from replacing an incandescent light bulb with an equivalent compact fluorescent bulb are calculated by subtracting the annual energy consumption of the compact fluorescent light bulb (14.2 kWh) from the annual energy consumption of the incandescent bulb (65.7 kWh). Carbon dioxide emissions reduced per light bulb switched from an incandescent bulb to a compact fluorescent bulb are calculated by multiplying annual energy savings by the national average non-baseload carbon dioxide output rate for delivered electricity. The national average non-baseload carbon dioxide output rate for generated electricity in 2010 was 1,519.6 lbs. CO2 per megawatt-hour (EPA 2014), which translates to about 1,637.5 lbs. CO2 per megawatt-hour for delivered electricity (assuming transmission and distribution losses at 7.2%) (EIA 2013a, 2013b; EPA 2014). Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Lower Lumens Does Not Mean Poor Light “LED street lights with a lower lumen output can replace conventional lamps with a higher output. For example, a 30W LED street light can often replace an 80W High Pressure Sodium lamp. The reason for this is directionality. LED street lamps are very directional and the light output is much more even then by other street lamps. Also there is little or no hot spot under the LED lamp. The light emitted from the LED lamp is directed downwards, spread throughout the entire area it covers. This means that a lower amount of light is needed to properly illuminate the area. This also dramatically reduces light pollution, which affects the mood of human beings, navigation in birds and insects, mating behavior in animals and flowering in plants.” Source: “LED lights feature superior directional characteristics, and can dramatically reduce night sky pollution. The narrow beam angle featured on many LED lights provides illumination within the intended areas only. Not only does this reduce light pollution, but also promotes higher overall system efficiency.” Source: Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC

Lumens : Metal Halide vs. LED HID = Metal Halide *Scotopic refers to visual perception in low light, photopic refers to color perception in normal light. The ratio of Scotopic light vs. Photopic light is called the S/P ratio. This ratio determines the apparent visual brightness of a light source. Higher S/P ratios appear brighter to the human eye. Source: Copyright© 2014 MicroE3, LLC