King lists, celestial events, and wine dockets Historical chronology and radiocarbon dating Dating II: science Turin CanonSiriusWine docket.

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Presentation transcript:

King lists, celestial events, and wine dockets Historical chronology and radiocarbon dating Dating II: science Turin CanonSiriusWine docket

Manetho’s Aegyptiaca, a history of Egypt (Ptolemaic Period) only preserved in excerpts of later authors

Turin King-list/Royal Canon of Turin acquired by Bernadino Drovetti in the 1820s Kim Ryholt

Palermo Stone (Old Kingdom) Fragments of the Royal Annals

Abydos king-list in the temple of Seti I and Ramses II (19 th dynasty)

Early Dynastic Period ( BC) First Intermediate Period ( BC) Second Intermediate Period Hyksos Period ( BC) Third Intermediate Period ( BC) Old Kingdom ( BC) Middle Kingdom ( BC) New Kingdom ( BC) Late Period ( BC) Greco-Roman Period (330 BC) Dynasties 9-10 Dynasties Dynasties 1-2 Dynasties 3-8 Dynasties Dynasties Dynasties Dynasties > Absolute chronology: calendrical and atronomical records (textual sources) > Relative chronology: stratigraphy, seriation and sequence dating (excavations) > Radiometric chronology: scientific analysis (radiocarbon dating and thermoluminescence)

Civil calendar (solar cycle) Second calendar (moon cycle) Ancient Egyptian calendars 365 days 12 months a 30 days 5-6 days added no leap year

Sirius (Sothis/Sopdet)

The Turin king-list The historical kings XIXVIIIVIIVIVIVIIIIII Column I Menj Cartouche of king Menes Nswt-bitj King of Upper and Lower Egypt Ankh! Wedja! Seneb! Life! Health! Prosperity!

New Kingdom Middle Kingdom Second Intermediate Period EgyptMesopotamiaAnatolia Synchronisms Egyptian – Mesopotamian – Anatolian chronologies Assyrian king list

New Kingdom pharaohs of dynasties 18 to 20 Tuthmose III Amenhotep III Ramses II

Ancient Egyptian wine dockets/jar labels

Dendera Zodiac

Rising of Sirius – Sothic cycle Every 1460 (365 x 4) years Recorded for 139 AD Must have also happened in 1321 and 2781 BC

Lunar month

Tell structure Stratigraphy principle that through time archaeological remains are deposited in layers or strata of soil

Sequence dating Predynastic ceramic wares placing ceramics or other types of artifacts in a relative sequence from early to late

Recap: Egyptian historical chronology How Egyptologist determine dates: Textual records  king lists  celestial events  wine dockets Excavation  stratigraphy and sequence dating  synchronisms How ancient Egyptians measured time:  two calendars: a civil one based on the solar cycle and a second one based on the moon cycle  dates were recorded by year, month, season, day of each new king  king lists Difficulties:  lack of king name in textual records  co-regencies  conditions for the observation of celestial events  potential calendar reforms  lack of textual records and finds All dates before 664 BC (well dated Assyrian attack on Thebes) are established by dead-reckoning (counting back)!