URINARY SYSTEM

Functions of the Urinary System 1. Maintains proper balance of water, salts and acids in body fluids 2. Filters the blood to remove urea and other waste materials 3. Converts waste products and excess fluids into urine

URINARY ORGANS 1. Two kidneys 2. Two ureters 3. One bladder 4. One urethra

KIDNEYS Located on either side of the vertebral column Separated from the abdominal cavity by the peritoneum Protected by ribs and a heavy cushion of fat called adipose caspsule Covered by tough tissue called renal fascia

LOCATION OF KIDNEYS What view is this? Is the patient on his stomach or his back? The peritoneal cavity contains all of the abdominal organs (stomach, spleen, intestine, etc…) The kidneys are behind the peritoneal cavity.

KIDNEYS Filter blood to remove waste and excess water; excreted as urine Has two layers: renal cortex and medulla The renal cortex contains nephrons

NEPHRONS Microscopic filtration units in the kidneys. Approximately 1 million in each kidney. Form urine by the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Each nephron contains a glomerulus, a Bowman’s capsule, convoluted tubule and a collecting tubule

NEPHRONS Glomerulus - cluster of capillaries from which water, mineral salts, sugar, metabolic products and other substances are filtered out of the blood Bowman’s capsule - C-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus, picks up material filtered from the glomerulus Convoluted tubule - substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the capillaries from the tubule

KIDNEYS AND NEPHRONS Enhanced diagram of a nephron (including the glomerulus, bowmans capsule, and tubules

After passing through the tubules, the substance left behind (not reabsorbed) is called urine. Urine enters the collecting tubules then empties into the renal pelvis Renal pelvis - funnel-shaped structure which is the first section of the ureter where it connects with the kidney.

URETERS & URINARY BLADDER Ureters Narrow tubes about inches long that carry urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder One ureter from each kidney to the bladder Urinary Bladder Reservoir (holding tank) for urine Holds about a pint of urine (2 cups)

URETHRA Tube extending from the urinary bladder to outside of the body Urinary sphincters control flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra, and out of the urethra through the urinary meatus Urination Normal process of excreting urine from the body Micturation or voiding are other names Special Note Special Note - Select the correct word for the correct age group.

ORGANS INVOLVED The female urethra is shorter in length than the male urethra. This will play a role in some of the disorders we discuss coming up.

MEDICAL SPECIALTIES kidney specialist in the study ofNephrologist (nephr/o _kidney_ + -ologist _specialist in the study of_) – medical doctor who specializes in treating disorders of the kidney. urine specialist in the study ofUrologist (ur/o _urine_ + -ologist_ specialist in the study of_) – specializes in treating disorders of the urinary system Which doctor do you see if your kidneys are not making urine??

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 1.Renal Failure – inability of the kidney or kidneys to perform their functions. Damaged nephrons cannot be replaced, when too many are damaged, kidney failure results. no, not, withouturine 2.Anuria – no urine formation (a/an = _no, not, without_ + uria = __urine__ ) 3.Chronic Renal Failure – progressive disease. When kidney function is insufficient, dialysis or transplantation is required.

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS glomerulus kidneyinflammation 4.Glomerulonephritis – (glomerul/o = _glomerulus_ + nephr/o = _kidney_ + -itis = __inflammation__) inflammation of the kidney glomeruli, often an autoimmune problem renal pelviskidney inflammation 5.Pyelonephritis – inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney (pyel/o = _renal pelvis_ + nephr/o = _kidney_ + itis _ inflammation__) (A)Polycystic kidney disease. The kidneys contain masses of cysts. Typically, polycystic kidneys weigh 20 times more than their usual weight ( grams). (B)Chronic pyelonephritis. Notice that one kidney is small, shrunken, and irregularly scarred. The other kidney is of normal size but also shows scarring.

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS presence of stones 6.Nephrolithiasis (nephr/o + -lithiasis = __presence of stones__) – presence of stones in the kidney; “kidney stones” 7.Cystitis – inflammation of the bladder Why??? 8.Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) – usually start in the bladder. More common in women. Why???

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS difficult, bad, painful urine, urination 9.Dysuria – (dys = _difficult, bad, painful_ + uria = _urine, urination_) difficult or painful urination. Symptom frequently associated with UTI’s. many, much urine, urination 10.Polyuria – (poly- = _many, much_ + -uria = _ urine, urination _) excessive urination, frequently associated with diabetes 11.Urinary retention – inability to void or empty the bladder. The opposite of #12 12.Urinary incontinence – inability to control the voiding of urine. What patients would have this condition???

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 1.Catheterization – insertion of a sterile catheter through the urethra and into the urinary bladder. Commonly done to relieve urinary retention pressure, obtain sterile specimens for testing, and prevent incontinence during surgical procedures. More commonly performed on women to obtain a sterile sample to diagnose UTI’s.

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES 2.Cystoscopy – visual exam of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope 3.KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) – radiographic study of these structures without use of contrast dye.

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES Urinalysis – laboratory examination of urine Urine should not contain - sugar, albumin, blood, ketones, sediment, pus, or bilirubin Urine should contain – water, urea, creatinine, salts, acids, drugs Watch what you take. It can be detected in your urine!

TREATMENT/ PROCEDURES 1. Dialysis – procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function 2. Hemodialysis – shunt placed in patients arm and connected to artificial kidney machine and blood flows through filters in the machine to remove extra fluid and wastes. Then blood is returned to the patients body. 3. Peritoneal dialysis – lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as a filter to remove wastes from the blood. Solution is run into the peritoneal cavity from a catheter and then allowed to drain out of the body to remove toxins.

TREATMENT/ PROCEDURES 4.Kidney transplant – donor kidney used to replace the patients failed kidney 5.Lithotripsy – destruction of kidney stone using ultrasonic waves traveling through water

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES 1. Dialysis technician – operates the hemodialysis machine, provides emotional support an nutritional counseling 2. Urology LPN or Certified Nursing Assistant -helping with patients who have urinary or kidney problems