Chapter 4, Section 1 and 2

Geography Played an important role in the development of GreecePlayed an important role in the development of Greece Made up of;Made up of; –2 mountainous peninsulas –Thousands of islands –50,000 square miles –About the size of Louisiana

Geography 2 peninsulas2 peninsulas –Peloponnese Peninsula is most important Highest mountain is Mt. OlympusHighest mountain is Mt. Olympus –The home of the GODS!!! The mountainous terrain meant that many Greek communities became isolatedThe mountainous terrain meant that many Greek communities became isolated These cities became fiercely independent city-states.These cities became fiercely independent city-states.

Geography The seas play an important role as wellThe seas play an important role as well The Aegean and Ionian are the two important seasThe Aegean and Ionian are the two important seas The seas provided access to foodThe seas provided access to food Also provided access to easy trade and colonizationAlso provided access to easy trade and colonization

The “Bronze” Age Mediterranean Region

Early Greek Geometrics

Early Greek Art & Artifacts

Bronze Age Greeks Started on the island of CreteStarted on the island of Crete Around 2800 BCEAround 2800 BCE Called the Minoan civilizationCalled the Minoan civilization Named for King MinosNamed for King Minos

The Minoans were the first Hellenic civilization.The Minoans were the first Hellenic civilization. Along with another group of people, known as the Mycenaeans, they heavily influenced the rest of Greek civilization.Along with another group of people, known as the Mycenaeans, they heavily influenced the rest of Greek civilization. As a result of being an island nation, they built a large sea empire based on trade.As a result of being an island nation, they built a large sea empire based on trade. Minoans

The Minoan World: mid- 2M B.C.E.

Knossos The center of their empire was a huge palace located in a place called Knossos.The center of their empire was a huge palace located in a place called Knossos. The palace was between 3 and 4 stories tall, which was large for the time.The palace was between 3 and 4 stories tall, which was large for the time.

Knossos Discovered by Arthur EvansDiscovered by Arthur Evans Minoans had a very rich cultureMinoans had a very rich culture –Sailed as far as Egypt and all around the Mediterranean Sea

Advancements The palace had a working plumbing system in which toilet waste was flushed away by the running water directed into the palace from a nearby river.The palace had a working plumbing system in which toilet waste was flushed away by the running water directed into the palace from a nearby river.

Sir Arthur Evans

Artist’s Recreation of Knossos

Aerial View of Knossos

Palace of King Minos – North Entrance

Trade Traded jewelry, gold, silverTraded jewelry, gold, silver The trade meant that the Minoans became very rich very quicklyThe trade meant that the Minoans became very rich very quickly They showed that wealth off by building expansive buildings and great mosaicsThey showed that wealth off by building expansive buildings and great mosaics

Minoan Trade “Bireme” ship Coast of Crete

Minoan Art Created art on pottery.Created art on pottery. Painted frescoes on walls.Painted frescoes on walls.

Minoan Artistic “Motifs”

Palace of King Minos - Interiors

Palace of King Minos – Throne Room

Minoan Ladies

Minoan Culture - Religion Minoan Priest Minoan Snake Goddess

Bull Cult

Bull Jumping Fresco

Bull Leaping Minoan men and women both participated in a sport called bull leaping.Minoan men and women both participated in a sport called bull leaping. It was most likely done as part of a religious ceremony.It was most likely done as part of a religious ceremony.

Minoan Writing There were two versions of Minoan writing:There were two versions of Minoan writing: –An older script called Linear A, which has never been deciphered. –Newer than Linear A, but much older than ancient Greek, was Linear B, which has been deciphered.

Early Writing System: “Linear A” (Undecipherable)

What caused the End of the Minoan Civilization?? What caused the End of the Minoan Civilization??

The End of Minoan Civilization Minoan civilization came to a quick end after either:Minoan civilization came to a quick end after either: –a major earthquake –volcanic eruption –tsunami –invasion –or a combination of some or all of the disasters.

The Mycenaean World: mid-2M B.C.E.

Mycenaeans Flourished between 1600 and 1100 BCEFlourished between 1600 and 1100 BCE Reached its high point around 1400 BCEReached its high point around 1400 BCE Was very warlikeWas very warlike Discovered by Sir Heinrich SchliemannDiscovered by Sir Heinrich Schliemann

Sir Heinrich Schliemann

The Mycenaeans Civilization was centered around a city called Mycenae on the Greek mainland.Civilization was centered around a city called Mycenae on the Greek mainland.

View of Mycenae archaeological“tell”

Mycenaean Towns Lived in large halls in well fortified towns.Lived in large halls in well fortified towns.

Aerial View of Mycenae

Mycenae Citadel & Reconstuction

Approach to the Lion’s Gate

Lion’s Gate Entrance to Mycenae

Mycenaean Writing Used the same Linear B writing that the Minoans used before the collapse of their civilization.Used the same Linear B writing that the Minoans used before the collapse of their civilization.

Mycenaean Writing System: “Linear B”

Heroic Age Many Greek myths and stories of heroes got their start with the Mycenaeans.Many Greek myths and stories of heroes got their start with the Mycenaeans. This time period is often called The Heroic Age because of this.This time period is often called The Heroic Age because of this.

Growth of Mycenaean Civilization Like the Minoans, the Mycenaeans built an empire based on sea trade.Like the Minoans, the Mycenaeans built an empire based on sea trade.

Mask of Agammemnon

Bronze Age Enemies: The Trojan War

What were the real & mythical causes of the Trojan War?? What were the real & mythical causes of the Trojan War??

The Real Causes The city-state of Troy or Ilium controlled the ship traffic through the narrow strait that the Greeks called the Hellespont.The city-state of Troy or Ilium controlled the ship traffic through the narrow strait that the Greeks called the Hellespont. In order to sail through, ships had to pay a tribute to Troy.In order to sail through, ships had to pay a tribute to Troy. The Greeks did not appreciate this and eventually went to war over it.The Greeks did not appreciate this and eventually went to war over it.

The Fictional Causes Helen of TroyHelen of Troy Originally Queen of Crete.Originally Queen of Crete. Left husband to be with Paris, a prince of Troy.Left husband to be with Paris, a prince of Troy. The face that launched 1,000 ships!The face that launched 1,000 ships!

The Trojan War Real conflicts!Real conflicts! Serve as inspiration for the legendary stories.Serve as inspiration for the legendary stories. Example: Homer’s epic poem, The Iliad.Example: Homer’s epic poem, The Iliad.

Plan of the City of Troy

The Seven “Layers” of Ancient Troy

Homer’s Troy (VII)

Original Wall of the City of Troy

Wall of Troy Recreated

Dome of King Priam’s Treasury

King Priam’s Treasure

Sofie Schliemann With King Priam’s Jewelry

Brutal Comba t

Troy Grave Circles

The “Trojan Horse”

The Trojan War

The Mycenaeans

The Fall of the Mycenaeans The wars with Troy and fighting amongst themselves weakened the Mycenaeans to the point where they were invaded and defeated by their northern neighbors, the Dorians.The wars with Troy and fighting amongst themselves weakened the Mycenaeans to the point where they were invaded and defeated by their northern neighbors, the Dorians.

Migrations in the Aegean Region (DORIANS}

Homer, the Blind Poet

Homer Wrote the Iliad and the OdysseyWrote the Iliad and the Odyssey Iliad – story of the Trojan WarIliad – story of the Trojan War Odyssey – story of the hero Odysseus’s journey home after the war.Odyssey – story of the hero Odysseus’s journey home after the war.

Homer Both of these were epic poems that told the history of the Greek peoplesBoth of these were epic poems that told the history of the Greek peoples Homer kept the history aliveHomer kept the history alive Homers stories also taught Greeks how to behaveHomers stories also taught Greeks how to behave –Taught arete or excellence won in battle

Homer’s Great Epics

Homer’s View of the World

Greek Culture Declined

Greek & Phoenician Colonization: BCE

Trade Resumes: 6c BCE Amphoras

“Iron Age” Trade Routes

Evolution of Our Alphabet: From Phoenician to Latin

The Dialects of Ancient Greek

The Rise of the Greek Polis Athens NaxosCorinth Syracuse Larissa Eboea