Decent Work Measurement Framework and Sources of Data Workshop on Challenges and Strategies in Improving Labour Force Statistics in Africa Bamako, November 22-24, 2010 Monica D. Castillo Chief, Decent Work Data Production Unit Department of Statistics Department of Statistics International Labour Office

Topics Background on Decent Work Measurement Background on Decent Work Measurement Decent Work Framework and Indicators Decent Work Framework and Indicators Sources of Information on Decent Work Sources of Information on Decent Work 2

Background on Decent Work Measurement 3

The concept of Decent Work has been defined by the ILO and endorsed by the international community as “Opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity.” (Juan Somavia, ILO Director-General, 1999 ILC Report). ILO concept of decent work 4

Decent work as a global goal Endorsed by ECOSOC, Presidential Summits and Head of State Summits in all regions, UN system, European Union, among others. Endorsed by ECOSOC, Presidential Summits and Head of State Summits in all regions, UN system, European Union, among others. ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization (2008) endorses Decent Work Agenda: ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization (2008) endorses Decent Work Agenda: (i) Rights at work (ii) Employment (iii) Social Protection (iv) Social Dialogue and tripartism 5

Commitments to monitor progress towards decent work and partnerships 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization recommends that ILO Members may consider: 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization recommends that ILO Members may consider: “the establishment of appropriate indicators or statistics, if necessary with the assistance of the ILO, to monitor and evaluate the progress made” “the establishment of appropriate indicators or statistics, if necessary with the assistance of the ILO, to monitor and evaluate the progress made” Monitoring of MDG Goal 1, Target 2: Monitoring of MDG Goal 1, Target 2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people. Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people. Strategic partnerships with NSOs, Ministries of Labour, Social Security institutions, International organizations, development banks, academia, workers’ and employers’ organizations, etc. Strategic partnerships with NSOs, Ministries of Labour, Social Security institutions, International organizations, development banks, academia, workers’ and employers’ organizations, etc. 6

Limits of the past statistical system to measure decent work Decent work dimensions have not been adequately covered in the system of labour statistics. Decent work dimensions have not been adequately covered in the system of labour statistics. Historically, labour statistics have focused on: Historically, labour statistics have focused on: Labour supply and labour demand in an economy Labour supply and labour demand in an economy Employment and unemployment statistics; ICLS ) Employment and unemployment statistics; ICLS ) Volume of work and labour cost in an economy Volume of work and labour cost in an economy Statistics of wages and hours of work (ICLS 1923, ) Statistics of wages and hours of work (ICLS 1923, ) Classifications: Classifications: Classification of industries and occupations (ICLS 1923, 1925 …) Classification of industries and occupations (ICLS 1923, 1925 …) International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) (ICLS 1949,..., 1988, 2008) International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) (ICLS 1949,..., 1988, 2008) International classification according to status in employment (ICSE) (ICLS 1957, 1993) International classification according to status in employment (ICSE) (ICLS 1957, 1993) 7

Decent work measurement goes beyond traditional labour statistics Workers experience decent work (or decent work deficits) from a perspective which goes beyond the scope of traditional labour statistics. They might ask: Workers experience decent work (or decent work deficits) from a perspective which goes beyond the scope of traditional labour statistics. They might ask: How family-friendly are work arrangements? How family-friendly are work arrangements? Do I get a living wage? Do I get a living wage? Do workers have to work long hours? Do workers have to work long hours? Can I join a union? Can I join a union? Do migrant workers face discrimination? Do migrant workers face discrimination? What happens when I fall sick? What happens when I fall sick? How dangerous is work? How dangerous is work? Will I get paid maternity / paternity leave when I get a baby? Will I get paid maternity / paternity leave when I get a baby? On some of these questions, traditional labour market statistics can give answers – but it’s more difficult for others. On some of these questions, traditional labour market statistics can give answers – but it’s more difficult for others. 8

Why are Decent Work indicators and statistics important? Take on a particularly critical role during this moment of economic crisis Take on a particularly critical role during this moment of economic crisis Important for survey development and analyisis Important for survey development and analyisis Development of Decent Work Country Programmes and monitoring progress Development of Decent Work Country Programmes and monitoring progress Recognition of the role of decent work in reducing poverty and towards economic development Recognition of the role of decent work in reducing poverty and towards economic development Recognition of the need to improve labour statistics covering the four strategic areas of decent work Recognition of the need to improve labour statistics covering the four strategic areas of decent work 9

How the ILO is moving forward as regards decent work measurement and data dissemination (i) Creation of the ILO Department of Statistics reporting directly to the Director General (2009); replaces the former Bureau of Statistics Creation of the ILO Department of Statistics reporting directly to the Director General (2009); replaces the former Bureau of Statistics New mandate: assuring quality in statistical methods and products, promoting coordination and coherence within the different ILO units (child labour, labour market trends, social protection databases, regional information systems, etc.) New mandate: assuring quality in statistical methods and products, promoting coordination and coherence within the different ILO units (child labour, labour market trends, social protection databases, regional information systems, etc.) Enhancing data compilation to cope with increased demand (short-term and annual data) Enhancing data compilation to cope with increased demand (short-term and annual data) Development of new user-friendly, interactive ILO statistical database and portal Development of new user-friendly, interactive ILO statistical database and portal Collection of Decent Work Indicators from as many countries as possible Collection of Decent Work Indicators from as many countries as possible 10

How the ILO is moving forward as regards decent work measurement and data dissemination (ii) Development and application of time-series techniques at the international level (outliers, seasonal adjustment, etc.) Development and application of time-series techniques at the international level (outliers, seasonal adjustment, etc.) Strengthening ILO’s technical assistance to developing countries, including preparation of manuals, such as “Surveys of Informal Employment and Informal Sector” (end of 2010). Strengthening ILO’s technical assistance to developing countries, including preparation of manuals, such as “Surveys of Informal Employment and Informal Sector” (end of 2010). Capacity building to help constituents (NSOs, Ministries of Labour, Social Security Institutions, workers’ and employers’ organisations, etc.) Capacity building to help constituents (NSOs, Ministries of Labour, Social Security Institutions, workers’ and employers’ organisations, etc.) Active involvement in the G20 reporting and discussions Active involvement in the G20 reporting and discussions Statistical background to IMF/ILO conference in Oslo highlighting labour’s role in emerging from the crisis Statistical background to IMF/ILO conference in Oslo highlighting labour’s role in emerging from the crisis Launching of Working Groups to discuss emerging topics for the 19th ICLS (2013): the measurement of labour underutilization and International Classification of Status in Employment (revision) Launching of Working Groups to discuss emerging topics for the 19th ICLS (2013): the measurement of labour underutilization and International Classification of Status in Employment (revision) 11

Enhancing data compilation and dissemination to cope with increased demand: short-term indicators 12

Decent Work Framework and Indicators 13

Principles and framework for measuring decent work Purpose: (i) to assist constituents to assess progress towards decent work (PRS, National development frameworks and DWCP) and (ii) to offer comparable information for analysis and policy development. Purpose: (i) to assist constituents to assess progress towards decent work (PRS, National development frameworks and DWCP) and (ii) to offer comparable information for analysis and policy development. NO ranking of countries & NO composite index. NO ranking of countries & NO composite index. Needs to cover all four dimensions of Decent Work derived from various sources: household and establishment surveys, administrative records, qualitative information, among others. Needs to cover all four dimensions of Decent Work derived from various sources: household and establishment surveys, administrative records, qualitative information, among others. New framework recommended by the 18 th ICLS New framework recommended by the 18 th ICLS Model of international relevance that permits the adaptation to national circumstances Model of international relevance that permits the adaptation to national circumstances Has the potential to evolve dynamically over the years. Has the potential to evolve dynamically over the years. A layered approach to indicators: Main, Additional, Context, Future and Legal Framework indicators A layered approach to indicators: Main, Additional, Context, Future and Legal Framework indicators 14

Tripartite Meeting of Experts on the Measurement of Decent Work Mandate: provide guidance on options for measuring decent work Mandate: provide guidance on options for measuring decent work Dates: 8-10 September 2008 Dates: 8-10 September 2008 Participation : Participation : 20 experts (3 x 5 experts + 5 independents), plus advisers, observers and ILO staff 20 experts (3 x 5 experts + 5 independents), plus advisers, observers and ILO staff Objective: review the conceptual framework of the proposal and list of indicators, and especially the statistical indicators Objective: review the conceptual framework of the proposal and list of indicators, and especially the statistical indicators The results of the tripartite meeting were presented to the ILO Governing Body and to the 18 th International Conference of Labour Statisticians in 2008 The results of the tripartite meeting were presented to the ILO Governing Body and to the 18 th International Conference of Labour Statisticians in

Grouping of Decent Work Indicators Grouping of indicators under 10 substantive elements of the Decent Work Agenda plus one area on economic and social context: Grouping of indicators under 10 substantive elements of the Decent Work Agenda plus one area on economic and social context: 1. Employment opportunities (1 + 2) 2. Adequate earnings and productive work (1 + 3) 3. Decent hours (1 + 3) 4. Combining work, family and personal life (1 + 3) 5. Work that should be abolished (1 + 3) 6. Stability and security of work (1, 2 + 3) 7. Equal opportunity and treatment in employment (1, 2 + 3) 8. Safe work environment (1 + 3) 9. Social security (1 + 3) 10. Social dialogue, workers’ and employers’ representation (1 + 4) 11. Economic and social context for decent work Note: (1) Rights at work (2) Employment opportunities (3) Social Protection (4) Social Dialogue 16

Different types of statistical indicators A layered approach to indicators: A layered approach to indicators: Main indicators (M): parsimonious core set of indicators to monitor progress towards decent work. Main indicators (M): parsimonious core set of indicators to monitor progress towards decent work. Additional indicators (A): to be used where appropriate, and where data are available. Additional indicators (A): to be used where appropriate, and where data are available. Context indicators (C): provide information on the economic and social context for decent work. Context indicators (C): provide information on the economic and social context for decent work. Future indicators (F): currently not feasible, but to be included as data become more widely available. Future indicators (F): currently not feasible, but to be included as data become more widely available. Information included under legal framework (L). Information included under legal framework (L). 17

Measuring decent work: Gender  Gender as a cross-cutting concern of the Decent Work Agenda:  Should not be treated in isolation, but measurement should inform about women’s and men’s access to decent work across all substantive elements.  Therefore, wherever possible, indicators should be reported separately for men and women in addition to the total. 18

Measuring decent work: Rights at work Rights at work and the legal framework for decent work need to be fully reflected: Rights at work and the legal framework for decent work need to be fully reflected: Number of ratifications and complaints filed with ILO supervisory bodies is an inadequate proxy for actual application of labour standards. Number of ratifications and complaints filed with ILO supervisory bodies is an inadequate proxy for actual application of labour standards. Textual description of legal framework and data on actual application for all substantive elements of decent work (L). Textual description of legal framework and data on actual application for all substantive elements of decent work (L). 19

18 Main Decent Work Indicators 1 – Employment-to-population ratio, years (S) 2 – Unemployment rate (S) 3 – Youth not in education and not in employment, years (S) 4 – Informal employment (S) 5 – Working poor (S) 6 – Low pay rate (below 2/3 of median hourly earnings) (S) 7 – Excessive hours (more than 48 hours per week; ‘usual’ hours) (S) 8 – Child labour [as defined by 18 th ICLS resolution] (S) 9 – Stability and security of work (developmental work to be done by the Office). 10 – Occupational segregation by sex 11 – Female share of employment in ISCO groups 11 and – Occupational injury rate, fatal 13 – Share of population aged 65 and above benefiting from a pension (S) 14 – Public social security expenditure (% of GDP) 15 – Union density rate (S) 16 – Enterprises belonging to employer organization [rate] 17 – Collective bargaining coverage rate (S) 18 – Indicator for Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining) to be developed by the Office 20

Monitoring progress towards decent work Want to monitor trends in decent work indicator statistics Want to monitor trends in decent work indicator statistics Taking into account demographic, economic and sectorial influences Taking into account demographic, economic and sectorial influences Want to reflect changes in legal framework and monitor the effective application of rights at work Want to reflect changes in legal framework and monitor the effective application of rights at work Analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators will support decent work policy and programme initiatives Analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators will support decent work policy and programme initiatives 21

Sources of Information on Decent Work 22

Labour Force Surveys (LFS) Household surveys carried out using a sample of households; they constitute the main data collection instrument for statistics on employment and unemployment worldwide. Household surveys carried out using a sample of households; they constitute the main data collection instrument for statistics on employment and unemployment worldwide. Examples of other decent work indicators and topics that can be covered: Examples of other decent work indicators and topics that can be covered: Child labour Child labour Informal employment Informal employment Occupational segregation by sex Occupational segregation by sex Youth not in education and not in employment, years Youth not in education and not in employment, years Time-related underemployment rate Time-related underemployment rate Excessive hours (more than 48 hours per week; usual hours) Excessive hours (more than 48 hours per week; usual hours) The concept of employment in household surveys refers to persons employed rather than to jobs, since a person may have several jobs and work in different establishments. The concept of employment in household surveys refers to persons employed rather than to jobs, since a person may have several jobs and work in different establishments. 23

Advantages and limitations of Labour force surveys Advantages: Advantages: Permit the collection of coherent information on the total working age population and its components, in particular the economically active population. Permit the collection of coherent information on the total working age population and its components, in particular the economically active population. Includes self-employed workers Includes self-employed workers Allows disaggregations of variables by demographic factors: by sex, age group, race, ethnic group Allows disaggregations of variables by demographic factors: by sex, age group, race, ethnic group Limitations: Limitations: Sampling and non-sampling errors Sampling and non-sampling errors Maintaining updated the household sampling frame Maintaining updated the household sampling frame Reliability of estimates regarding sensitive information (e.g., labour income) Reliability of estimates regarding sensitive information (e.g., labour income) Reliability of estimates by classification (e.g., economic activity) Reliability of estimates by classification (e.g., economic activity) 24

Establishment Surveys (ES) related to employment Surveys based on a sample of establishments that seek to obtain statistical Surveys based on a sample of establishments that seek to obtain statistical information on variables like: information on variables like: Employment (measures the number of jobs held by employees, not the number of Employment (measures the number of jobs held by employees, not the number of employed persons) Average hours worked per week Average hours worked per week Average wages per hour or per week Average wages per hour or per week Variables disaggregated by economic activity (normally in non-agricultural sectors) Variables disaggregated by economic activity (normally in non-agricultural sectors) They cover: employees, not self-employed workers (i.e., not all workers are covered) They cover: employees, not self-employed workers (i.e., not all workers are covered) Examples of other indicators and topics: Examples of other indicators and topics: Average hourly earnings in selected occupations Average hourly earnings in selected occupations Manufacturing wage index Manufacturing wage index Employees with recent job training* Employees with recent job training* Employment by branch of economic activity* Employment by branch of economic activity* Wage/earnings inequality* Wage/earnings inequality* * Topics that may be covered in household surveys. * Topics that may be covered in household surveys. 25

Advantages and Limitations of Establishment Surveys (ES) related to Employment Advantages: Advantages: Permit the collection of coherent data on employees who work in establishments generally in the non-agricultural sector. Permit the collection of coherent data on employees who work in establishments generally in the non-agricultural sector. Estimates disaggregated by economic activity are generally considered more reliable than those from household surveys. Estimates disaggregated by economic activity are generally considered more reliable than those from household surveys. Limitations: Limitations: Sampling and non-sampling errors Sampling and non-sampling errors Maintaining an updated sampling frame of establishments Maintaining an updated sampling frame of establishments Don’t generally allow data disaggregation by demographic variables (age, sex, race, ethnic group, etc.) Don’t generally allow data disaggregation by demographic variables (age, sex, race, ethnic group, etc.) Exclude self-employed workers that in developing countries can represent a high percentage of total employment Exclude self-employed workers that in developing countries can represent a high percentage of total employment Generally exclude the agricultural sector, which is often a sector with a high concentration of employment in developing countries Generally exclude the agricultural sector, which is often a sector with a high concentration of employment in developing countries 26

Administrative Records (AR) Systematic registers related to administrative procedures maintained by various institutions of the public sector Systematic registers related to administrative procedures maintained by various institutions of the public sector They allow: They allow: carrying out the administration or operationalization of Government programmes carrying out the administration or operationalization of Government programmes to control, verify and monitor compliance with legal and / or administrative obligations to control, verify and monitor compliance with legal and / or administrative obligations Examples of topics and indicators: Examples of topics and indicators: Minimum wage Minimum wage Occupational injury rate, fatal and non-fatal Occupational injury rate, fatal and non-fatal Union density rate * Union density rate * Enterprises belonging to an employer organization (rate) Enterprises belonging to an employer organization (rate) Number of collective bargaining conventions and worker coverage Number of collective bargaining conventions and worker coverage Share of population covered by (basic) health care provision* Share of population covered by (basic) health care provision* *Topics that may also be included in household surveys 27

Advantages and limitations of Administrative Records (AR) Advantages: Advantages: A very low-cost source of data A very low-cost source of data Allow a broad disaggregation of information and coverage of different topics Allow a broad disaggregation of information and coverage of different topics Allow for more frequent production and dissemination of data Allow for more frequent production and dissemination of data Are not subject to sampling errors that are inherent to surveys Are not subject to sampling errors that are inherent to surveys Limitations: Limitations: Generally are structured for administrative purposes rather than statistical purposes Generally are structured for administrative purposes rather than statistical purposes Classification systems can differ from those used in the national statistical system Classification systems can differ from those used in the national statistical system Availability of data (access) and time and geographic coverage of the data Availability of data (access) and time and geographic coverage of the data Data consistency between two sources of information Data consistency between two sources of information 28

Importance of international comparability of decent work statistics Despite the progress made, there is still a lack of homogeneity between countries as regards the conceptual and methodological foundations on decent work indicators Despite the progress made, there is still a lack of homogeneity between countries as regards the conceptual and methodological foundations on decent work indicators There are also variations in geographic coverage, working age thresholds, versions of classification manuals used, etc. There are also variations in geographic coverage, working age thresholds, versions of classification manuals used, etc. It is essential that countries follow the international recommendations on the measurement of labour statistics adopted by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians in order to allow: It is essential that countries follow the international recommendations on the measurement of labour statistics adopted by the International Conference of Labour Statisticians in order to allow: A reliable measure of the concepts A reliable measure of the concepts An improved international comparability of the data. An improved international comparability of the data. 29

Thank you! 30