Bacteria: Classification and Structure 6/9/2016 SB3C1

SB3 Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organism and the increasing complexity of systems.  B. Compare how structure and function vary between the six kingdoms ( archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals) 6/9/2016 SB3C 2

Essential Questions  What are the advantages and disadvantages of being unicellular?  How does a unicellular bacteria maintain homeostasis? 6/9/2016 SB3C 3

What are the 6 Kingdoms?  Archaebacteria  Eubacteria  Protists  Fungi  Plants  Animals 6/9/2016 SB3C 4

We are looking at the first two AArchaebacteria EEubacteria 6/9/2016 SB3C 5

6/9/2016 SB3C 6

Classification of Bacteria  Archaebacteria: extremists  Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan  Eubacteria: largest of the group  Cell wall has peptidoglycan  Heterotrophs  Photosynthetic autotrophs  Chemosynthetic autotrophs 6/9/2016 SB3C 7

Archaebacteria  Live in extreme locations:  Oxygen-free environments  Concentrated salt-water  Hot, acidic water 6/9/2016 SB3C 8

Eubacteria - Heterotrophs  Found everywhere  Parasites: live off of other organisms  Saprobes: live off of dead organisms or waste (recyclers) 6/9/2016 SB3C 9

Eubacteria: Photosynthetic Autotrophs  Photosynthetic: make their own food from light  Cyanobacteria: blue-green, yellow, or red  Ponds, streams, moist areas 6/9/2016 SB3C 10

Eubacteria: Chemosynthetic Autotrophs  Get energy by breaking down inorganic substances like sulfur and nitrogen  Make nitrogen in the air usable for plants  Make nitrogen in the air usable for plants {Very Important} 6/9/2016 SB3C 11

Structure of Bacteria  Two parts to Bacteria Structure:  Arrangement  Shape 6/9/2016 SB3C 12

Arrangement  Paired: diplo  Grape-like clusters: staphylo  Chains: strepto 6/9/2016 SB3C 13

Shape  Rod: bacillus  Spheres: coccus  Spirals: spirillum 6/9/2016 SB3C 14

Examples  Streptococcus: Chains of spheres  Staphylospirillum: Grapelike clusters of spirals  Streptobacillus: Chains of rods 6/9/2016 SB3C 15

Modes of Respiration  Obligate Aerobes- require Oxygen (tuberculosis bacteria)  Obligate Anaerobes- die if Oxygen is present (tetanus)  Facultative Anaerobes- don’t need Oxygen, but aren’t killed by it (E. coli)  Ways of releasing energy:  Anaerobes carry on fermentation  Aerobes carry on cellular respiration 6/9/2016 SB3C 16

Similarities and Differences 6/9/2016 SB3C 17  Similarities  Pili  Plasmid  Flagellum  Differences  Amount of peptidoglycan in cell walls

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stain red. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and stain purple. –stains polymer peptidoglycan –gram-positive stains purple, more peptidoglycan –gram-negative stains pink, less peptidoglycan Gram Staining

Reproduction  Bacteria reproduce asexually by binary fission.  Single chromosome replicated and then cell divides  Rapid  All new cells identical (clones) 6/9/2016 SB3C 19

Reproduction cont.  Bacteria reproduce sexually by conjugation  Form a tube between 2 bacteria to exchange genetic material  Held together by pili  New cells NOT identical 6/9/2016 SB3C 20

Endospores  Forms during unfavorable conditions  Thick protective wall  Helps the bacteria survive from:  Drying out, temperature change, and disinfectants 6/9/2016 SB3C 21

Pathogens  Called germs or microbes  Cause diseases  May produce poisons or toxins  Endotoxins released after bacteria die (E. coli)  Exotoxins released by Gram positive bacteria (C. tetani) 6/9/2016 SB3C 22

Benefits of Prokaryotes 6/9/2016 SB3C 23  Live in digestive tracts  Makes vitamins  Fills in niches  Breaks down food Produces vitamin B and keeps harmful microbes out

Food Benefits 6/9/2016 SB3C 24  Soy sauce, vinegar, cheese, yogurt, pickles, sauerkraut

Ecosystem Benefits 6/9/2016 SB3C 25  Photosynthesize  Recycle carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and sulfur  Nitrogen fixation

Bioremediation  Allows prokaryotes to break down pollutants  Oil spills  Biodegradable materials 6/9/2016 SB3C 26

Bacterial toxins  Bacteria cause disease by invading tissue or making toxins  Toxins are poisons released by organisms 6/9/2016 SB3C 27

6/9/2016 SB3C 28 Harmless bacteria can cause infection by coming into contact with tissue not normally colonized. Streptococcus pneumoniae– Flesh eating disease

Common Bacterial Infections 6/9/2016 SB3C 29

Antibiotics and Resistance  Stop bacterial cell wall formation  Are not effective against viruses  Resistance to antibiotics can occur from:  Overuse  Underuse  misuse 6/9/2016 SB3C 30

6/9/2016 SB3C 31