A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC Fifth Edition Chapter 18 PCs on a Network

2 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition You Will Learn… About different types of physical network architectures How networking works with Windows How to install a network card and a network protocol using Windows

3 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition You Will Learn… ( continued ) About sharing resources on a network Troubleshooting tools and tips for network connections How to connect networks to each other

4 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Physical Network Architectures Ethernet (most popular) Wireless LAN Token ring FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

5 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Network Architecture Terminology Network adapter  Provides direct connection between PC and network; usually an expansion card (NIC)  Matches type and speed of physical network  Network port matches connectors on network

6 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Network Architecture Terminology ( continued ) Network protocols  OS protocols (eg, NetBEUI, TCP/IP)  Hardware protocols (eg, Ethernet, Token Ring) Data transmission  Packets, datagrams, or frames

7 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Ethernet Variations, Distinguished by Speed

8 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Ethernet Cable Types continued …

9 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Ethernet Cable Types ( continued )

10 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Ethernet Topology Bus topology  Connects each node in a line  Has no central connection point Star topology  Connects all nodes to a centralized hub  More popular; easier to maintain  Patch cables and crossover cables

11 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bus and Star Topologies

12 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Ethernet Hub Broadcasting a Data Packet

13 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition A Hub

14 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Star Bus Topology

15 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Repeaters Amplify signals on a network Help overcome limitations on length of cables that can be used; signals can travel farther Two kinds  Amplifier repeater  Signal-regenerating repeater (used by Ethernet)

16 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Repeaters ( continued )

17 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Wireless LANs Use radio waves or infrared light to connect computers or devices  Wireless NIC includes antenna to send and receive signals Standards  1999 IEEE b (Wi-Fi or AirPort)  Bluetooth Slower than wired networks Security is an issue

18 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Wireless LANs ( continued )

19 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Token Ring Physical star; logical ring Data packet is preceded by a token Transmits data at 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps Uses a centralized device called a MAU (Multistation Access Unit) Uses UTP or STP cables (two twisted pairs) Uses RJ-45 or UDC connectors

20 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition FDDI Uses tokens; structured as a ring, but does not require a centralized hub Multiple nodes can have data on the ring at the same time Provides data transfer at 100 Mbps Used as:  Network technology for a large LAN  Backbone network to connect several LANs

21 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Now NICs Work Plug into motherboard expansion slot Provide port(s) on back of card for connection to network Manage communication and hardware network protocol for the PC

22 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Network Cards a. FDDI b. Token ring c. Ethernetd. Wireless

23 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Network Cards Send and receive data:  To and from system bus in parallel  To and from network in series Use a transceiver for signal conversion Identified by a MAC address Require an IRQ and an I/O address range May be PnP; legacy cards can use jumpers or DIP switches

24 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Ethernet Combo Card

25 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Considerations When Selecting a Network Card Speed and type of network Type of cable (shielded twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic) Type of slot (PCI or ISA)

26 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Segmenting a Network Communication on a local network uses MAC address of NIC to identify the destination computer;  Other computers discard the packet because it is not addressed to them Bridges and switches  Reduce traffic on each segment and improve network performance  More intelligent than hubs

27 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition How Bridges Work

28 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bridges and Switches

29 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bridges and Switches ( continued ) Bridges  Send broadcast messages; not good for large networks  Effective at separating high-volume areas on a LAN  Best for connecting LANs that do not communicate outside their immediate network

30 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bridges and Switches ( continued ) Switches  Send a packet only to network segment for which it is destined Both keep source and destination MAC addresses in routing tables and learn new addresses

31 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bridges Compared with Switches

32 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Windows on a Network Workgroup model and domain model Networking protocols supported at physical level  Ethernet  ATM  Token Ring Protocols supported at OS level  TCP/IP  IPX/SPX  NetBEUI

33 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Windows on a Network ( continued )

34 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition OS Protocols Automatically bind themselves to any NICs they find More than one can be associated with a single NIC

35 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Addressing on a Network MAC address Unique address permanently embedded in a NIC; identifies a device on a LAN Expressed as six pairs of hexadecimal numbers and letters Used only by devices inside local network IP address 32-bit address consisting of a series of four 8-bit numbers separated by periods Identifies a computer or device on a TCP/IP network Character- based names Include domain names, host names (Windows 2000/XP), NetBIOS names (Windows 98) Identify a PC with letters; easier to remember Name resolution services: DNS and Microsoft WINS Port address Number that identifies a program or service running on a computer to communicate over the network

36 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition MAC Addresses and IP Addresses

37 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition IP Configuration

38 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition MAC Addresses and IP Addresses

39 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Classes of IP Addresses

40 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition IP Addresses

41 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Different Ways of Assigning IP Addresses Public, private, and reserved IP addresses Dynamically assigned IP addresses  DHCP server Network Address Translation (NAT)

42 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Reserved IP Addresses

43 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Configuring a DHCP Server

44 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Using NAT

45 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition How Computers Find Each Other on a LAN 1.Checks NetBIOS name cache 2.Queries WINS server, if it has its IP address 3.Sends broadcast message to all computers on LAN asking for IP address of computer with broadcasted NetBIOS name 4.Checks LMHosts file 5.If IP address still not discovered, computer assumes network is using DNS and checks Hosts file 6.Queries DNS server, if it has its IP address

46 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a Network Card and Connecting to a Network Physically install the card and device drivers Configure the NIC using Windows so it has appropriate addresses on the network and correct network protocols Give the computer a name Test the NIC to verify that PC can access resources on the network

47 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP

48 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP ( continued )

49 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a NIC Using Windows 2000/XP ( continued )

50 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing and Configuring TCP/IP Using Windows 2000/XP Will PC use dynamic or static addressing? If static addressing, what are IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway? If you use DNS, what are the IP addresses of the DNS servers? If a proxy server is used to connect to other networks, what is IP address of proxy server?

51 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a NIC Using Windows 9x Physically install NIC and turn computer on Windows 9x automatically detects the card and guides you through driver installation Assign computer name Install TCP/IP using Select Network Protocol Window (Windows 98) Configure TCP/IP by selecting binding and clicking Properties (Windows 98)

52 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a Wireless NIC Use NIC’s configuration software to specify wireless network parameters Computer must be within acceptable range of an access point or another wireless device that it will communicate with directly  Distance determined by type of technology used – most likely b

53 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a Wireless NIC ( continued )

54 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a Wireless NIC ( continued )

55 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing a Wireless NIC ( continued )

56 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Using Resources on the Network LAN  Assign all users to same workgroup or domain with My Network Places (Windows 2000/XP) or Network Neighborhood (Windows 9x) Peer-to-peer network  Install Client for Microsoft Networks and File and Printer Sharing  Share resources

57 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Sharing Files, Folders, and Applications

58 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing Windows XP Components Needed to Share Resources

59 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Installing Windows 98 Components Needed to Share Resources

60 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Sharing Files and Folders with the Workgroup

61 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Sharing Files and Folders with the Workgroup ( continued )

62 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Network Drive Maps Using NFS client/software, network drive map makes one PC (client) appear to have new hard drive when that hard drive space is actually on another host computer (server) Use Windows Explorer to map a network drive

63 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Results of Drive Mapping

64 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Symptoms of NIC Problems Cannot make connection to network My Network Places or Network Neighborhood does not show other computers on network Error message appears during installation of NIC drivers Device Manager shows yellow exclamation point or red X beside name of NIC No lights on NIC

65 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Troubleshooting Network Connections Check the following:  Cabling and ports for PC  NIC itself  BIOS  Device drivers Troubleshooting tools  Ping (TCP/IP utility)  Ipconfig (Windows NT/2000/XP)  Winipcfg (Windows 9x)

66 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Connecting Networks with Routers Use IP addresses to determine path by which to send a packet;  Tables determine most efficient available route Stateless devices - concerned about destination address;  Unconcerned about data Transmit data packet to remote network only if routable protocol was used to produce data packet

67 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Connecting Networks with Routers ( continued )

68 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Brouter Functions both as a bridge and a router  As a router Routes routable protocols (TCP/IP and IPX/SPX packets)  As a bridge Forwards packets that are not routable (NetBEUI packets) to other local networks

69 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Connecting Networks with Bandwidth Technologies Bandwidth: measure of data capacity Greater bandwidth = faster communication Common bandwidth technologies  Regular telephone lines  Cable modem  ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)  DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)  Satellite access  Wireless access

70 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bandwidth Technologies

71 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bandwidth Technologies ( continued )

72 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bandwidth Technologies ( continued )

73 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Bandwidth Technologies ( continued )

74 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition Summary How local networks are built How bridges and switches can segment large local networks How routers connect networks Technologies used to connect PCs and networks to the Internet Supporting PCs that are connected to a network How computers are identified over a network How to share computer resources over a network How to troubleshoot a network connection