Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang SPEAKERS Rolf Landua CERN Physicist, Research on Antimatter (Antihydrogen) Chairman Education and Communication Advisory Board Antonella Del Rosso Responsible for CERN Teacher Programmes

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Can particle physics explain the universe?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Why accelerate particles (1) CERN in 2 min To look inside

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Particles “ Matter is made of atoms “ Leptons e e Quarks d u “ Atoms are made of leptons and quarks “

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Building blocks of our world ParticleMass [MeV] Strong Charges El.mag.WeakGrav. Spin up~ 2 Yes+ 2/3Yes 1/2 down~ 3 Yes- 1/3Yes 1/2 neutrino< No0Yes 1/2 electron0.511 No- 1Yes 1/2

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Particle and matter structure 4 kinds of chargehierarchy of fields Wave behaviour shape Spinsocial or anti-social ? Masssize of atom

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Hierarchy of Fields SAME NUCLEI - ATOMS - STARS WHY IS GRAVITATION SO WEAK?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Hierarchy of structure R ~ m (strong) R ~ m (electromagnetic) R > 10 6 m (gravitational)

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang SHAPE: Particles are waves The water molecule Ice Crystals Interference: Stable orbitals Symmetry of orbitals: Crystal structure

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang SPIN: 1/2 = anti-social fermions Spin 1/2 - ‘fermions’ do not want to be together Spin 0, 1, 2 - bosons like to ‘clump’

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang size: mass of electrons R ~ 1/m e the mass of the electron determines the size of atoms

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Particle physics Mysteries Common origin of fieldsUnification? Particle-wave dualityOrigin? Fermions-BosonsSupersymmetry? Mass of particlesHiggs field?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Why accelerate particles (2) E = mc 2 : “Mass is condensed energy” concentrate energy on one particle Photons Creation of new particles

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Particles from energy More energy - more (and new) particles are created

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang 3 FAMILIES - out of the vacuum Leptons e e Quarks d u     s c b t Family 1 (light) Family 2 (heavy) Family 3 (v. heavy) WHY 3 FAMILIES ??

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang CERN 2300 employees (-> 2000) 6000 visitors 20 Member states + US, Canada, Japan, Russia, China, India,... Accelerators (LHC, 2007) Detectors (Atlas, cms, lhcb, alice) 27 km

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang CERN accelerators

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang LHC tunnel, magnets Largest cryogenic system (1.8 K, suprafluid helium) 27 km of 8 T magnets 100 m below surface Proton-proton collisions E = GeV 800 million collisions/sec

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Particle collisions

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Installation of ATLAS detector

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Installation of CMS detector Lhc pushes frontiers of: -detector technology -data transmission -Computing power

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang The ‘Higgs’ field How do particles get their ‘inertia’ ? THE “CELEBRITY AT PARTY” MODEL (quarks or leptons) THE “rumour” model (Higgs particle) Particle Mass determined by strength of interaction with higgs field

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Search for the ‘Higgs’ field Higgs field particle “decays” into lepton (or quark) pairs according to their mass Only 1 higgs in 1,000,000,000,000 events

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang What is the Vacuum?  ‘Recipe’ for particles and fields  Quantum fluctuations  Lamb shift  Casimir effect  “Vacuum energy”  GeV/cm 3 ???  measured: < GeV/cm 3 WHY is vacuum so empty?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Before the Big BANG ? The primordial vacuum: GeV/cm 3 ?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang BIG Bang - eras < sec: Planck era ~ sec: inflation sec “big bang” sec particles 380,000 yrs atoms BB

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Big Bang - Successes Cosmic expansion (Redshift) Age of cosmic objects less than ~ billion yr Sun ~ 4.7 billion yr Universal Ratio H:He ~ 3:1 Snapshot at t ~ 3 min Strong constraint on matter density Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Snapshot of Universe at t ~ 380,000 yrs

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Big Bang - MYSTERIES What caused inflation? Vacuum energy? How did the initial symmetry break? Hierarchy of interactions? Mass of particles? Where has the antimatter gone?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Antimatter in the Universe ? Cosmic antiparticles ? Balloons Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Radiation from matter- antimatter boundaries ? Radiotelescopes Gamma-Ray Satellites

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Antimatter research at cern = ? Antihydrogenhydrogen Are the Energy Levels identical ? Two Experiments at cern: ATHENA and ATRAP (antiproton + positron)(Proton + electron)

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Antiproton Decelerator at cern

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Antimatter research at cern 1) Production of antiprotons (v ~ c) 2) Deceleration (v ~ 0.1 c) 3) Capture + cool in ‘Penning trap’ 4) Mix with positrons 5) Create and detect antihydrogen

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Antimatter research at cern ATHENA experiment produced ~ 10 6 antihydrogen atoms Observed by annihilation products (‘post mortem’)

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Future of Antimatter Research Precision spectroscopy:  E/E < Gravitational measurements

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Cosmic microwave background Our Universe is filled with photons from the time of atom formation (380,000 yrs). They were produced during the BIG BANG. Their energy distribution and inhomogeneity give information about the age and composition of the universe. Microwave Anisotropy Probe Courtesy: NASA/WMAP

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Cosmic Microwave background Temperature Distribution on earth (for comparison) Temperature Distribution In Universe  T/T ~ 0.3  T/T ~ 3·10 -5 Courtesy: NASA/WMAP

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Cosmic Microwave background Courtesy: NASA/WMAP FIT observation with BIG BANG MODEL - 1)Inflation stretches ‘quantum ripples’ 2)Light element synthesis (matter) 3)Dark (=non-baryonic) matter 4)Age and shape of universe

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Cosmic Microwave background Stars and Planets only account for a small percentage of the universe !

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Evidence for dark energy Evidence No. 1 - Cosmic Microwave background Evidence No. 2 - Expansion history of universe Large scale study of old supernovae COSMIC EXPANSION SPEED INCREASES! Driven by ‘dark energy’

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Mystery: “dark energy”? vacuum energy Quantum fluctuations of fields Inflaton The field that drove the initial expansion Higgs field The field that gives mass to particles Einstein’s “cosmological constant” The field needed to balance gravitational collapse of the universe

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang MORE E vidence for “dark matter” Galactic rotation curves ( velocity of stars in periphery far too high)

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Evidence for “dark matter” gravitational Lensing ( LENSING MUCH STRONGER THAN EXPLICABLE WITH VISIBLE MASS)

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Mystery of dark matter Baryonic matter is only ~ 4 % of universe (0.5 % stars, 3.5 % interstellar gas) Something stabilizes galaxies, bents light Neutrinos ?? No - mass is too small. Superheavy particles (big bang relics) ?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Gravity at large distances Einstein Newton “Universal Gravitation” Mass and energy Curve space-time

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Gravity at small distances Collapsing stars produce Black holes Observation of a black hole candidate What is a singularity ?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Gravitational waves Colliding Black holes From Black hole formation Detection by interferometers (lisa, ligo): deformation of space  L/L ~ )

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang really small distances Gravity : dominant force at r ~ cm Quantum Gravity ? Superstrings in 11 dimensions? Does gravity only act in 3 dimensions? Macroscopic : YES ( 1/r 2 law) Microscopic : no information for r < 10 µm What is a particle ?

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang Deep questions for the future A. Linde Is our Universe unique? Are there other big bangs? Laws of nature unique? Why could life evolve? CERN/LHC: Origin of mass, New kind of Particles Underground labs: dark matter, rare processes Satellites: cmb, ultra-energy particles, grav. waves J.Ellis

Nov 2003 CERN - Particles, Fields and the Big Bang LHC tunnel, magnets Largest cryogenic system (1.8 K, suprafluid helium) Demo of high-t superconductor