1. Important Stuff (Section 3) The Final Exam is Monday, December 19, 1:30 pm – 3:30 pm The Final Exam room is Physics 150 Bring 2 pencils and a photo-id – no calculators allowed. In accordance with the syllabus (boldface), “You are allowed to bring in one 8.5x11 (inch) page of notes covered on both sides”. Test consists of 10 True/False and 60 Multiple Choice questions. Test will emphasize chapters 6.5, 14 – 18 (up to 8 T/F, 48 MC) Test will also cover material from the second midterm (at least 2 T/F, 12 MC) Lecture Tuesday, December 13, will be partially review.

2. Important Stuff (Section 4) The Final Exam is Monday, December 19, 6:30 pm – 8:30 pm The Final Exam room is Physics 150 Bring 2 pencils and a photo-id – no calculators allowed. In accordance with the syllabus (boldface), “You are allowed to bring in one 8.5x11 (inch) page of notes covered on both sides”. Test consists of 10 True/False and 60 Multiple Choice questions. Test will emphasize chapters 6.5, 14 – 18 (up to 8 T/F, 48 MC) Test will also cover material from the second midterm (at least 2 T/F, 12 MC) Lecture Wednesday, December 14, will be partially review.

3. Chapter 17 The Beginning of Time

4. What were conditions like in the early universe?

5. The universe must have been much hotter and denser early in time. Estimating the Age of the Universe

6. The early universe must have been extremely hot and dense.

7. Photons converted into particle–antiparticle pairs and vice versa. E = mc 2 The early universe was full of particles and radiation because of its high temperature.

8. What is the history of the universe according to the Big Bang theory?

9. Defining Eras of the Universe The earliest eras are defined by the kinds of forces present in the universe. Later eras are defined by the kinds of particles present in the universe.

10. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity

11. Thought Question Which of the four forces keeps you from sinking to the center of Earth? A. Gravity B. Electromagnetism C. Strong Force D. Weak Force

12. Thought Question Which of the four forces keeps you from sinking to the center of Earth? A. Gravity B. Electromagnetism C. Strong Force D. Weak Force

13. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity Do forces unify at high temperatures?

14. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity Do forces unify at high temperatures? Yes! (Electroweak)

15. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity Do forces unify at high temperatures? Yes! (Electroweak) Maybe (GUT)

16. Four known forces in universe: Strong Force Electromagnetism Weak Force Gravity Do forces unify at high temperatures? Yes! (Electroweak) Who knows? (String Theory) Maybe (GUT)

17. Planck Era Time: < 10 -43 sec Temp: > 10 32 K No theory of quantum gravity All forces may have been unified

18. GUT Era Time: 10 -43 – 10 -38 sec Temp: 10 32 – 10 29 K GUT era began when gravity became distinct from other forces. GUT era ended when strong force became distinct from electroweak force.

19. Electroweak Era Time: 10 -38 – 10 -10 sec Temp: 10 29 – 10 15 K Weak and electromagnetic forces which were unified in the electroweak force now become distinct forces at the end of this era.

20. Particle Era Time: 10 -10 – 0.001 sec Temp: 10 15 – 10 12 K Amounts of matter and antimatter are nearly equal. (Roughly one extra proton for every 10 9 proton–antiproton pairs!)

21. Era of Nucleosynthesis Time: 0.001 sec–5 min Temp: 10 12 –10 9 K Began when matter annihilates remaining antimatter at ~ 0.001 sec. Nuclei began to fuse.

22. Era of Nuclei Time: 5 min–380,000 yrs Temp: 10 9 –3,000 K Helium nuclei formed at age ~3 minutes. The universe became too cool to blast helium apart.

23. Era of Atoms Time: 380,000 years–1 billion years Temp: 3,000–20 K Atoms formed at age ~380,000 years (electrons combined with nuclei). Background radiation is released.

24. Era of Galaxies Time: ~1 billion years– present Temp: 20–3 K The first stars and galaxies formed by ~1 billion years after the Big Bang.

25. Why is the darkness of the night sky evidence for the Big Bang?

26. Olbers’ Paradox 1.infinite 2.unchanging 3.everywhere the same then stars would cover the night sky. If the universe were

27. Olbers’ Paradox 1.infinite 2.unchanging 3.everywhere the same then stars would cover the night sky. If the universe were

28. The night sky is dark because the universe changes with time. As we look out in space, we can look back to a time when there were no stars.

29. The night sky is dark because the universe changes with time. As we look out in space, we can look back to a time when there were no stars.

30. Primary Evidence in Support of the Big Bang Theory 1.We have detected the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. 2.The Big Bang theory correctly predicts the abundance of helium and other light elements.

31. How do we observe the radiation left over from the Big Bang?

32. The cosmic microwave background — the radiation left over from the Big Bang — was detected by Penzias and Wilson in 1965.

33. Background radiation from the Big Bang has been freely streaming across the universe since atoms formed at temperature ~3,000 K: visible/IR. Creation of the Cosmic Microwave Background

34. Expansion of the universe has redshifted thermal radiation from that time to ~1,000 times longer wavelength: microwaves. Background has perfect thermal radiation spectrum at temperature 2.73 K

35. Full sky in all wavelengths

36. WMAP gives us detailed baby pictures of structure in the universe.

37. How do the abundances of elements support the Big Bang theory?

38. Protons and neutrons combined to make long-lasting helium nuclei when the universe was ~3 minutes old.

39. Big Bang theory prediction: 75% H, 25% He (by mass) Matches observations of nearly primordial gases

40. Abundances of other light elements agree with Big Bang model having 4.4% normal matter—more evidence for WIMPS!

41. Thought Question Which of these abundance patterns is an unrealistic chemical composition for a star? A. 70% H, 28% He, 2% other B. 95% H, 5% He, less than 0.02% other C. 75% H, 25% He, less than 0.02% other D. 72% H, 27% He, 1% other

42. Thought Question Which of these abundance patterns is an unrealistic chemical composition for a star? A. 70% H, 28% He, 2% other B. 95% H, 5% He, less than 0.02% other C. 75% H, 25% He, less than 0.02% other D. 72% H, 27% He, 1% other

43. What aspects of the universe were originally unexplained by the Big Bang theory?

44. Mysteries Needing Explanation 1.Where does structure come from? 2.Why is the overall distribution of matter so uniform? 3.Why is the density of the universe so close to the critical density?

45. Mysteries Needing Explanation 1.Where does structure come from? 2.Why is the overall distribution of matter so uniform? 3.Why is the density of the universe so close to the critical density? An early episode of rapid inflation can solve all three mysteries!

46. How does inflation explain these features of the universe?

47. Inflation can make structure by stretching tiny quantum ripples to enormous sizes. These ripples in density then become the seeds for all structure in the universe.

48. How can microwave temperature be nearly identical on opposite sides of the sky?

49. Regions now on opposite sides of the sky were close together before inflation pushed them far apart. Inflation of the Early Universe

50. The overall geometry of the universe is closely related to total density of matter and energy. Density = Critical Density > Critical Density < Critical

51. The inflation of the universe flattens the overall geometry like the inflation of a balloon, causing overall density of matter plus energy to be very close to critical density.

52. How can we test the idea of inflation?

53. Patterns of structure observed by WMAP show us the “seeds” of the universe.

54. Observed patterns of structure in universe agree (so far) with the “seeds” that inflation would produce

55. Observed patterns of structure in the universe agree (so far) with the “seeds” that inflation would produce.

56. “Seeds” Inferred from CMB Overall geometry is flat —Total mass + energy has critical density Ordinary matter ~4.4% of total Total matter is ~26% of total —Dark matter is ~22% of total —Dark energy is ~74% of total Age of 13.7 billion years

57. “Seeds” Inferred from CMB Overall geometry is flat —Total mass + energy has critical density Ordinary matter ~4.4% of total Total matter is ~26% of total —Dark matter is ~22% of total —Dark energy is ~74% of total Age of 13.7 billion years In excellent agreement with observations of present-day universe and models involving inflation and WIMPs!