1. Theoretical Issues in Astro Particle Physics J.W. van Holten April 26, 2004

2. The solar system is made from quarks (baryons) and leptons, interacting via weak, electro-magnetic and strong color forces. The dominant contribution to the mass of the universe apparently comes from other forms of matter. This are the only forms of matter we have been able to create in accelerators at energies up 1 TeV

3. Neutrino masses See-saw mechanism: large Majorana mass-scale M + Higss-induced Dirac masses m generates large neutrino hierarchy: ( ) 0 m m M m = ½M ± ½  (M +4 m ) ~ M or m /M = m 2 2 _ 2 with M ~ 10 GeV Δm ~ 10 eV 6-8 2-32 (Superkamiokande, SNO) m M

4. Extrapolation of running gauge couplings of standard model Extrapolation of gauge couplings in the MSSM with TeV-scale supersymmetry breaking Accelerator physics M ~ 10 GeV GUT 16

5. Supersymmetry and MSSM - All gauge and Higgs bosons have spin-1/2 partners - All quarks and leptons have spin-0 partners - The known MSM particles are distinguished from their superpartners by a new quantum number: R-parity - R-parity conservation  lightest superpartner stable - LSP candidate: neutralino χ: partner of photon / Z-boson / Higgs boson gravitino ψ: partner of graviton

6. - Neutrino masses, mixing and oscillations - dark matter  supersymmetry / LSP - UHE cosmics -> GUTs, relics, black holes - compact objects -> new types/phases of bulk matter - dark energy -> inflation, cosmic scalars - quantum gravity -> black holes, big bang

7. Rotational velocities of stars in galaxies deviation from Kepler motion Dark matter

8. WMAP survey of Cosmic Microwave Background · flat universe · ~ 5 % baryonic matter · ~ 25 % non-baryonic matter · ~ 70 % dark energy

9. Neutralinos have standard weak interactions χ – p cross-sections 10 pb < σ < 10 pb for 100 GeV < m < 400 GeV (Ellis et al., 2003) can accumulate in compact objects (stars, planets) can annihilate to produce neutrinos χ -11-7

10. New phases of matter QCD changes collective behaviour of quarks and gluons at high temperature and/or density: - deconfinement: quarks become free - chiral symmetry restoration: quarks become massless - color superconductivity: BCS-type quark pairing massive gluons (M. Alford)

11. · Heavy-ion colliders: QGP, color glass condensate · compact cosmic objects: neutron stars, strange stars, quark stars (?) neutron matter, strange matter, color superconductivity reflected in equation of state (mass-radius relation) New phases of matter

12. Cosmic accelerators

13. Highest-energy cosmics: E = 3 x 10 eV On collision with an oxygen nucleus:  s = 3 x 10 GeV 20 6 · Accelerating mechanism? · Travel through intergalactic space? GKZ cut-off · Dynamics of interaction: quark-gluon plasma?

14. HiSPARC Nijmegen (NAHSA) has recorded the highest-energy event ever observed in the Netherlands: ~ 0.3 J / nucleon

15. Compact and hot early universe: · window on ultra-short distance physics · unification of gauge interactions · long-range scalar fields (inflation, quintessence) · quantum gravity, gravitational waves

16. Neutrinos - solar neutrinos - atmospheric neutrinos from cosmics interactions -background neutrinos - high-energy cosmic neutrinos