SOIL AND WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

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Presentation transcript:

SOIL AND WATER QUALITY CRITERIA

Soil and water criteria/requirements for aquaculture Important - site characteristics Bottom soils - undesirable - Potential acid sulphate soils, saline soils, high organic matter content, excessive porosity etc Poor quality water - highly acidic, alkaline, turbid, high BOD, rich in nutrients and organic matter, high in suspended solids or polluted with industrial or agricultural chemicals Higher amount of nutrients and organic matter due to excessive organic menuring and feed wastage - lead to poor water quality and bottom soil condition

WATER QUALITY CRITERIA IN AQUACULTURE Influence greatly on the growth and survival of aquatic organism. Dissolved oxygen of water The optimum dissolved oxygen - of 5.0 mg/l A fish might survive 0.5 ppm DO for few hours An average condition, 3.0 ppm DO or less regard as hazardous for fish

Temperature of water Temperature sets the pace of fish metabolism by controlling molecular dynamics (defeasibility, solubility, fluidity) and biochemical reaction rates The optimum temperature range for several cold water and warm water fishes are 14-18o C and 24o-30o C respectively Effects of Do levels on fish production DO (ppm) effects < 1.0 lethal on exposure for more than few hours > 1.0 – 5.0 fish survive but poor growth > 5.0 normal survival and growth

BOD5 The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - the amount of oxygen required to microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in a water sample under specific condition of the pond management Has direct bearing on the oxygen balance of water BOD5 values in fish ponds varied between 5 – 20 ppm The optimum BOD5 value is 10 – 20 ppm for fish ponds

Turbidity of water Turbidity - due to suspended soil particles, Planktonic organism and humic substances The optimum Secchi disc visibility of fish ponds is considered to be 40-60cm.  Ammonia of water Fish are very sensitive to unionized ammonia (NH3-N); optimum range - 0.02-0.05mg/l Hydrogen sulfide in water Fresh water fish ponds should be free from hydrogen sulfide At concentration of 0.01mg/litre of hydrogen sulfide fish loose its equilibrium and subjected to sub lethal stress

Water pH - affects metabolism and physiological process of fish pH - measure of hydrogen ion concentration in water and indicate how much water is acidic or basic Water pH - affects metabolism and physiological process of fish Considerable influence on toxicity of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide as well as solubility of nutrients and thereby water fertility Effect of pH on fish pH Effect 4.0 Acid death point 4-6 Slow growth 6-9 Best for growth 9-11 Slow growth, lethal to fish overlong period of time 11+ Alkaline death

Total alkalinity The ideal range of total alkalinity for fresh water fish ponds is 60-300mg/liter as CaCO3 Total hardness Total hardness for fresh water fish ponds should be greater than 40mg/litre as CaCO3 Carbon dioxide Fresh water fish ponds should contain a low concentration of free CO2 below 5 .0 mg/litre In intensive aquaculture free CO2 level may fluctuate between 5 and 10 ppm with at ill effects on fish

SOIL QUALITY CRITERIA FOR AQUACULTURE Bottom soil - determines the productivity of a pond The productivity of ponds - depends on the availability of different nutrients Bottom soil is - Chemical Laboratory of the Pond

Soil Texture The nature and its properties of the parent material determine the soil texture An ideal pond soil - should not be too sandy to allow leaching of the nutrients or should not be too clayey to keep all the nutrients absorbed on to it

Cation exchange capacity It is the total quality of cations which a soil can adsorb by cation exchange is termed as C E C of the soil Expressed as milli equivalents / 100 gm soil (meq / 100 gm of soil ) Higher C E C - more concentration of easily exchangeable The cations are called exchangeable bases. Ca++, Mg++, Na+ and K+ ions. Water holding capacity – capacity of soil to hold water; Clay-silt soils are best for fish ponds Soil porosity, particle density, bulk density - physical quality’s of pond soils Help to aeration, filtration, percolation, adsorption of nutrients etc

Soil acidity The ideal range of soil pH - 6.0-8.0 Water passing over acid soil tends to be a acidic with low alkalinity and hardness High concentration of metal ions particularly aluminum (A1+++) and Iron (Fe+++) to soil acidity Acid ponds do not respond well to fertilization

Acid sulphate soils Acid sulphate soils from mine spills and coastal mangroves contain high levels phyrite (Fe82 1-6%) Sediments containing pyrites on oxidation results in sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid reduces the pH of water when pond is filled Acid sulphate soils usually originate is pond dykes

Bottom soil oxidation Aeration and water circulation are beneficial in improving bottom soil oxygenation The surface layer of soil may still become anaerobic in intensive fish culture ponds due to settlement of suspended particulate matter

Soil reaction (pH) One of the most important factors for maintaining pond productivity - controls most of the chemical reaction in the pond environment Near neutral or slightly alkaline pH - ideal for fish production If the pH is too low - strongly acidic - reduce the availability of key nutrients in the water and lower the pond productivity

Organic Carbon Content Acts as the source of energy for bacteria and other microbes that release nutrients through various biochemical processes Pond soils with less than 0.5% Organic carbon - unproductive 0.5-1.5% and 1.5-2.5% Organic carbon - medium and high productivity respectively Organic carbon - more than 2.5% - may not be suitable for fish production

Carbon to nitrogen ratio C: N ratio of soil influences the activity of soil microbes Affects the rate of release of nutrients from decomposing organic matter Nutrient release - very fast - C:N ratio - less than 10 Nutrient release - medium- C:N ratio - 10-20 Nutrient release – More - C:N ratio – more than 20 Soil C:N ratios between 10 and 15 are considered favorable for aquaculture Ratio of 20:1 or narrower gives good results

Nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium - major nutrients required by phytoplankton Pond soil with 30 ppm, 30-60 ppm, 60-120 ppm and more than 120 ppm available phosphate (P2O5) - high productive Ponds with less than 250 ppm available soil nitrogen - low productivity Soil nitrogen concentration - 250 to 500 ppm and above 500 ppm - medium and highly productive respectively Relatively small amounts of potassium are needed in fish ponds

The best method for preventing soils and water quality problems is aquaculture ponds is to select a site with good soil and an adequate supply of high quality water If this is done, liming, fertilization and aeration can prevent most soil and water quality imbalances Proper pond management viz. liming, fertilization, aeration, water exchange and bottom soils drying and oxidation are the keys to improve soil and water quality in ponds

REFERENCES : 1. The nature and properties of soils (7th edition 1969) by Harry O. Buckman and Nyle C Brady 2. Soils and soil fertility (5th edition 1993) by Frederick R.Troch and Louis M Thompson 3. Methods in environmental analysis - water, soil and air by P.K. Gupta (2007)