1. Indicators of Water Quality

2. Turbidity Definition Definition: measure of the degree to which water looses its transparency due to the presence of suspended particulates

3. Acceptable Levels Ideal level: low Measured using a Secchi Disk

4. Causes of increased turbidity increased levels of phytoplankton, sediment from erosion, re-suspended sediments from the bottom (stirred by bottom dwellers), waste discharge, algae growth, and urban runoff

5. Results of high turbidity high turbidity increases the absorption of sunlight thus making the water warmer Warmer water has lower levels of dissolved oxygen causing fish and larvae to die

6. pH (potential hydrogen) Definition Definition: the acidity of the water which is the presence of hydrogen ions. 0 to 7 is acidic 7 is neutral 7 to 14 is basic

7. Importance & Ideal Level The pH of water determines the amount of nutrients and heavy metals that can be utilized by aquatic life. Nutrients include phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon. Heavy metals include lead, copper, cadmium, etc. The ideal level is close to Neutral Measured using pH paper or Litmus paper

8. Causes of changes in pH natural conditions (especially in swamps) can lower pH dumping of waste (batteries) can lower pH farm runoff (lime) can raise pH

9. Results of changes in pH a change in pH by 2 units results in a water system having 100 times a difference in acidity. Most aquatic life cannot withstand water outside of the optimum pH thus resulting in death.

10. Dissolved Oxygen the oxygen dissolved in the water Abbreviated DO

11. Acceptable Levels Ideal level: Aquatic life thrives when DO levels are high DO levels are measured in parts per million (ppm)

12. Causes of DO and Level Changes surrounding air - can increase or decrease DO levels turbulent actions (waves, rapids, falls) – increases DO levels water depth – water gets colder as it deepens, colder water holds more DO than warm water plant growth or plant activities (like photosynthesis) - can increase or decrease DO levels

13. Results of changes in dissolved oxygen When DO drops too low fish die. In some cases large fish kills are a result of DO. When DO is high, the water actually tastes better but can corrode water pipes. Fish can also die from excess amounts of DO.

14. Temperature Definition the property of matter that shows the energy of motion. The faster the movement, the higher the temperature. There are several scales used to measure this value (e.g., Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit)

15. Levels of Tolerance Low: cannot be tolerated below 32 0 F High: few fish can tolerate temperatures above 85 0 F

16. Causes of change in temperature source of water time of year suspended sediment depth of water shade from shoreline vegetation

17. Results of changes in temperature changes in temperature can make aquatic life susceptible to disease and at extreme levels can result in death

18. Nitrates Nitrates are nitrogen-oxygen chemical units which combine with various organic and inorganic compounds. The greatest use of nitrates is as a fertilizer.

19. Ideal Levels Ideal level for human consumption is less than 20 ppm

20. Causes of Nitrates fertilizer runoff (both farm and home) manure pits leaks in septic systems animal waste rain trapping car exhaust

21. Results of presence of Nitrates Nitrates can increase the plant production and fish population resulting in overcrowding. If algae increases due to nitrates, the DO levels can decrease, killing fish. Nitrates are converted to nitrites in humans (can kill children)

22. Bio-indicators species that are found living in water they tend to stay in one place can be used to monitor the health of an environment or ecosystem sensitive to pollution

23. Acceptable Levels High Level of Variety = healthy water source Small Level of Variety = poor water source (indicator of high levels of pollution)

24. Causes of changes in bio-indicators pollution that results in changes in pH temperature dissolved oxygen nitrate levels

25. Results of few varieties of bio-indicators present the lack of a large, varied number of bio- indicators indicates pollution in the water system bio-indicators can tell us about the increasing effects of pollutants in the ecosystem and about how long a problem may have been present

26. References http://www.pbs.org/safarchive/5_cool/galapa gos/g52a_water.html