SESSION 2: DEFINITIONS

SESSION OBJECTIVES By the end of the session, participants will be able to:  Understand GBV & CP definitions  Identify key types of GBV & CP in area of work and types of response/services available.  Define behavioural change, community mobilization, and social change  Identify causes & contributing factors of violence  Identify implications of violence on individuals & the community.

GBV DEFINITION Discuss in pairs:  What do we mean by gender-based violence (GBV)?  Write down on VIPP card & share response in plenary

GBV DEFINITION Gender-based Violence: is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will that is based on socially ascribed gender differences between males and females. There are six core types of GBV:  Rape;  Sexual assault;  Physical assault;  Psychological and emotional abuse;  Forced marriage (including child marriage); and  Denial of resources, opportunities, and services.

GBV DEFINITION  Women and girls are the primary victims of GBV.  But, victims also include males who are subjected to violence because they do not conform to view of masculinity.

CHILD PROTECTION DEFINITIONS Discuss in pairs:  Discuss in pairs what you think ‘child protection in emergencies’ mean.  Write down your response on VIPP card  Share and discuss in plenary

CHILD PROTECTION DEFINITIONS Child Protection in Emergencies: all activities aimed towards the prevention and response to abuse, neglect, exploitation of, and violence against children in emergencies.

CHILD PROTECTION DEFINITIONS In this context, this includes immediate and long-term effects of emergencies, including but not limited to:  Sexual violence  Sexual exploitation and abuse,  Trafficking,  Child labor,  Family separation  Neglect,  Physical abuse  Emotional abuse  Child marriage (is considered both CP & GBV concern)

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE, COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION & SOCIAL CHANGE DEFINITIONS Group Work  In pairs, discuss what each of the below terms mean: -Behavioural change -Community mobilization -Social change  Each group gets 3 VIPP cards.  Write your response for each term on a separate VIPP card  Collate responses and discuss in plenary

BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE, COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION & SOCIAL CHANGE DEFINITIONS Community mobilisationBehaviour Change Social change Awareness raising Definitions vary but end goal is: “Inspiring and empowering communities to take action to prevent and respond to violence” Community mobilisation: is the process of actively engaging and empowering community members to address particular issues Behaviour change: generally refers to changing individual behaviours Social change: refers to changing values, attitudes and behaviours of a given community

TYPES OF VIOLENCE IN AREA OF WORK Plenary discussion  What are the different forms of violence you see in the community/camp where you work?  Why do you think these types of risks are common?  What kind of available response you believe is in place?  What do you think can be done in order to prevent these types of violence?

Causes & Contributing Factors of Violence Work in pairs  Discuss in pairs what you believe are the main causes & contributing factors of violence  Write each cause or contributing factor on a separate VIPP card  Tape your VIPP cards under the corresponding column on flipchart (one column for causes & one for contributing factors).  Remove VIPP cards that include repetitions.  Discuss in plenary and rearrange cards if/when necessary

Underlying Causes of Violence  Acts of violence continue to be widespread worldwide, particularly against women and girls.  Abuse of power, unequal gender relations and discrimination are the root causes of violence Contributing factors can include:  Weakened norms and traditions in emergency situations;  Separation of women and children from their families;  War (sexual violence and torture are often used as weapon of war);  Men and boys experiencing all forms of violence including sexual violence in emergency settings;

 Large numbers of single men or women without their families;  Poverty and lack of food and basic services (sex in exchange for material needs/money);  Poor camp design and management (e.g. lack of lighting; latrines that do not have locks on the inside, etc); and  Lack of effective forms of protection, etc

 Violence often seen as ‘normal’; as a way of educating & disciplining children  Adults also use physical violence against children when they are angry or to deliberately humiliate or hurt the child  Other forms of abuse or exploitation of children can be seen as normal or usual, e.g., child labour or early marriage  Violence is a learnt behaviour – many people who use violence learned when they were growing up that violence is an acceptable way to deal with problems.

How People React to Implications of Violence Individuals & Societies Plenary discussion:  What do you think are some implications of violence on individuals and societies?  Can you give examples from life?

Implications of Violence on Individuals & Society  Implications of violence can be multifaceted and can have major impact on adult or child survivors; families; and the community.  Examples include: -Physical & health implications (death; injury; sexual & reproductive health; STIs; etc) -Psychological implications -Social implications (e.g. Rejection, stigma, isolation, etc) -Family implications (e.g. Weakened family structure & relations) -Children’s behaviours, emotions, education, family relations get affected -Implications on the community (e.g. cannot fully participate in community life; responding to violence requires including law enforcement & health services, etc requires money & staff)

Reported Trends on CP in Jordan-Assessment data Higher risk of physical violence than adults, in particular in the home especially for girls, but also for boys; Verbal and sometimes physical violence between Syrians and Jordanians, esp. adolescent boys in the community and at schools Parents are afraid to let children play outside because of tensions within host communities and a risk of violence in the camp Sexual violence and harassment against children, both boys and girls, with adolescent girls esp. at risk Adolescents report feeling ‘grief’ and ‘fear’ a lot of the time. Adolescents in camp settings reported experiencing safety fears or a specific fear,such as being arrested, being shot or kidnapped. Male youths are particularly at risk of mental health issues, due to the likelihood of having undergone profound stress in Syria and their reported boredom and lack of opportunities in Jordan. An estimated 30,000 children, mainly boys, are engaged in child labour in Jordan which is approximately one in six children (16 per cent of children) – 4x times higher than the pre-crisis rate in Syria of 4 %

Reported Trends on GBV in Jordan (Syrian crisis) Fear of SGBV, including sexual violence, is reported as one of the motivations for refugees to leave their country Physical violence by intimate partners and other relatives is reported as main type of violence faced by Syrian refugee women and girls in Jordan Early and forced marriage, which was practiced in some Syrian communities even before the crisis, identified as a coping mechanism for Syrian refugee families in Jordan Increased risk of exposure to sexual exploitation including as a survival coping mechanism Refugees report that women and girls are not safe accessing WASH facilities, collecting water, and NFIs in Zaatari camp Obstacles in accessing services due to restricted movements and limited participation in decision making Isolation/confinement: 40% of women & girls report they rarely or never leave their homes