Artificial Intelligence Hossaini Winter 2016

Outline book : Artificial intelligence a modern Approach by Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig. A Practical Guide To Building OWL Ontologies Using Protégé 4 and CO-ODE Tools, Matthew Horridge. What is AI Agents and environments Problem solving methods Adversarial Search Logic Ontologies and protégé

Evaluation Final Exam: 80 points Seminar : 20 points o Neural Networks o Evolutionary Algorithms o Fuzzy Logic o Rough Sets o Conditional Random Fields o Support vector machines o Natural language Processing o Data mining methods

What is AI

Systems that think like humans.Systems that think rationally. Systems that act like humans.Systems that act rationally. This gives us four possible goals to pursue in artificial intelligence:

Acting Humanly the Turing Test Can machine thinks? Can machine behave intelligently? Operational Test for intelligent behavior or The imitation game

Acting Humanly the Turing Test The computer would need to possess the following capabilities: natural language processing to enable it to communicate successfully in English (or some other human language); knowledge representation to store information provided before or during the interrogation; automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions; machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.

Thinking Humanly Cognitive science Determining how humans think. need to get inside the actual workings of human minds. There are main ways: 1-through introspection: trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by 2-through psychological experiments If the program's input/output and timing behavior matches human behavior, that is evidence that some of the program's mechanisms may also be operating in humans

Thinking Humanly Cognitive science Granny was almost right: Behavior really is governed by what we know and what we want (together with the mechanisms for representing and for drawing inferences from these)  What determines our behavior is not how the world is, but how we represent it  As Chomsky pointed out in his review of Skinner, we describe behavior in relation to the objective properties of the world.  Every behavioral regularity (other than physical ones like falling) is cognitively penetrable

Thinking Humanly Cognitive science Perception acquiring real-time information about the surrounding environment. Language use making use of information about syntax, semantics and phonology. Reasoning combining different sources of information, deriving new information, testing consistency of information, etc. Action making use of information in action planning and guidance. Memory storing and retrieving information

Thinking Humanly Cognitive science Perception acquiring real-time information about the surrounding environment. Language use making use of information about syntax, semantics and phonology. Reasoning combining different sources of information, deriving new information, testing consistency of information, etc. Action making use of information in action planning and guidance. Memory storing and retrieving information

Social psychology Educational psychology Psychology Cognitive science

Thinking Humanly Cognitive science Pavlov's Dogs | Simply Psychology

Thinking Humanly Cognitive science The mind-body problem : what is the relationship between mind and body? Or alternatively: what is the relationship between mental properties and physical properties Duality )Plato( Vs. Monism(Aristotle) Monism says: union of body and soul by saying that the soul is the form of the body. means that a particular person's soul is no more than his nature as a human being.

Thinking Humanly Cognitive science Duality says: true substances are not physical bodies, which are ephemeral, but the eternal Forms of which bodies are imperfect copies. These Forms not only make the world possible, they also make it intelligible, because they perform the role of universals, or what Frege called ‘concepts'

Thinking Rationally The laws of thought Aristotle was one of the first to attempt to codify ‘right thinking’. syllogisms :provided patterns for argument structures that always gave correct conclusions given correct premises. There are two main obstacles to this approach: take informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms required by logical notation, particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain. Second, does being able to solve a problem ``in principle'' means doing so in practice.

Acting rationally: The rational agent approach means acting so as to achieve one's goals, given one's beliefs. correct inference is not all of rationality(Laws of thought), because there are often situations where there is no provably correct thing to do, yet something must still be done. ways of acting rationally that cannot be reasonably said to involve inference. For example, pulling one's hand off of a hot stove is a reflex action that is more successful than a slower action taken after careful deliberation.