1. Artificial Intelligence (Lecture 1)

2. Topics What is Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)
Course Overview
What is Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)
Schools of Thought
Intelligent Machine Success Criteria

3. Course Overview Introduction Historical Foundations
Problem Solving by Searching
Logic Programming & Prolog
Machine Learning
Knowledge Representation
Expert Systems (Knowledge Based Systems)
Neural Networks (Biological Networks)
Genetic Algorithms (Evolutionary Models of Intelligence)
Natural Language Processing
Computer Vision
Intelligent Agents

4. Intelligence
Intelligence is the most distinctive characteristic of mankind.
Intelligence is defined in different ways like:
To be rational mind
(Making decisions and logically thinking things out)
Ability of understanding
Quickness of understanding
Intelligence could be defined as the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.

5. Intelligence
Intelligence is the ability to form plans to achieve goals by interacting
with an information-rich environment
•   Intelligence encompasses abilities such as:
         i.  Understanding language
          ii. Perception
         iii. Reasoning
         iv.  Learning
These endless flawed definitions prove troublesome if trying to recreate
intelligence.

6. Intelligence
There are so many questions that lead the researchers towards the birth of Artificial Intelligence. Some important questions are…
·  What does mean intelligence?
·  Is intelligence a single faculty, or is it just name of collection of distinct
and unrelated abilities?
·  To what extent is intelligence learned as opposed to having a prior existence?
·  Exactly, what does happen when learning occurs?
·  What is creativity?
·  What is intuition? (“in to you”) Intuition is an incredible resource and gift that we have been given to help us live our best life.
·  What is self-awareness and what role does it play in intelligence?

7. Cont. . Can intelligence be inferred from observable behaviors?
· Or does it require evidence of a particular mechanism?
· How is knowledge represented in the nerve tissue of a living being?
· And what lessons does this have for the design of intelligent machines?
· Is it possible to achieve intelligence on a computer?
· Or does an intelligent entity require the richness of sensation and
experience that might be found only in a biological existence?
Is intelligent behavior the same for a computer and a human?

8. Artificial Intelligence
AI is the study of how to make computers do things, which at the moment people can do better.
•   A branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior of human beings.
•   A branch of computer science that is concerned with the development of a thinking machine. (Teach the machines how to think and they can think).
•    A field of study in computer science that chases the goal of making a computer reason in a manner similar to humans.
•    It involves the design and study of computer programs that behave intelligently.

9. Artificial Intelligence
•   AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be intelligent.
•   AI is the part of computer science concerned with design of computer systems that exhibit(Show outwardly) human intelligence.
•    AI is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by people.
It is the collection of problems and methodologies studied by AI researchers.

10. Artificial Intelligence
•  AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing intelligent computer systems, that is, computer systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human behaviour-understanding language, learning, reasoning and solving problems.
•   Artificial Intelligence is based on Sound theoretical & applied principals of computer science such as
Data structures used for knowledge representation,
Algorithms needed to apply that knowledge,
Languages and
Programming techniques used in their implementation.

11. Weak AI Versus Strong AI
Schools of Thought
Weak AI Versus Strong AI
As discussed earlier, AI is considered to be an effort to try to simulate human behavior. But, the need is to define up to what extend the computer should demonstrate the simulation raising the idea of strong AI and weak AI

12. Weak AI Versus Strong AI
Strong AI advocates that the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right program can have the ability to understand and have other cognitive (the process of thought) states.

13. Weak AI Versus Strong AI
Weak AI advocate that the principle value of computer in the study the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool which enables us to formulate and test hypothesis in a more rigorous and precise fashion.

14. Turing Test
The test was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence,
which opens with the words: "I propose to consider the question, 'Can machines think?'“
Since "thinking" is difficult to define, Turing chooses to "replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words.

15. Cont.
Turing's new question is: "Are there imaginable digital computers which would do well in the [Turing test]"?
This question, Turing believed, is one that can actually be answered.
The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to demonstrate intelligence.
It proceeds as follows: a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with one human and one machine, each of which tries to appear human.

16. Cont. All participants are placed in isolated locations.
If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test.
In order to test the machine's intelligence rather than its ability to render words into audio, the conversation is limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen.

17. Intelligent Machine Success Criteria
Alan Turing and the Imitation Game
The Loebner Prize
Although Turing proposed his
test in 1951, it was not until 40
years later, in 1991, that the test
was first really implemented.
Dr. Hugh Loebner, a professor
very much interested in seeing AI
succeed, pledged $100,000 to the
first entrant that could pass the test.
No program has had the 50% success
Turing aimed for.

18. Cont.
The Loebner Prize provides an annual platform for practical Turing Tests with the first competition held in November, 1991

19. Eliza Developed in 1964-1966 by J. Weizembaum.
Eliza models the role of a Rogerian psychotherapist
Concept of Chinese Room
Consider that:
•You know no Chinese
•You are confined in a room
•You are given three batches of Chinese writing
–The first batch is called a ‘script’
–The second batch is called a ‘story’
–The third batch is ‘questions’ about the story
•You are also given a set of rules that will allow you to generate
answers to the questions using the symbols in the script and the story
•You are also given an English story and some questions about it

20. WHAT COMPUTERS CAN DO TODAY?
Mathematics
Logical Deductions
Search a Solution from given Solutions
Sequence Jobs
……………..
WHAT COMPUTERS CAN NOT DO TODAY?
Learn From Experience?
Think?
Can Create? OR Have Creativity?
Have Intuition?
Self awareness? or Adaptive?
See?
Make Decisions on its own?
……………………………..

21. Historical Foundations
Next Lecture
Historical Foundations