Chapter 4 Obesity

Learning Objectives Understand the difference between overweight and obesity. Learn the concept of energy balance. Understand the difference between android and gynoid obesity. (continued)

Learning Objectives Realize the magnitude of obesity as a health problem. Learn the concept of body composition. Learn to calculate body weight components.

Obesity Defined Males: 25% body fat or greater Females: 35% body fat or greater A high percentage of body fat increases one’s risk for disease.

Overweight indicates too much body weight for a given height and frame. Obesity refers to an over-fat level that brings with it increased risks of serious and fatal diseases. A person can be overweight without being obese. KEY POINT

Genetics and Obesity Inherited traits account for approximately 25% of obesity. Lifestyle accounts for the rest. Physical activity—energy expenditure  Nutrition—energy consumption or intake 75 % Choice!!!

Caloric consumption greater than caloric expenditure = weight gain. Energy Balance Positive Energy Balance Caloric consumption less than caloric expenditure = weight loss. Negative Energy Balance Caloric consumption equals caloric expenditure = no weight change. Neutral Energy Balance

Android and Gynoid Obesity GYNIOD Pear shape More body fat below the waist. ANDRIOD Apple shape More body fat in chest & belly area. “beer belly”

Creeping Obesity Gradual and consistent weight gain. 1.5 Lbs/year= 40 Lbs in 25 years

The Magnitude of the Obesity Problem

Health Problems and Obesity Colon, breast, Ovarian, uterus, Prostate cancer 3x risk for diabetes Depression Self esteem Doubles the Chance of Pre-mature death Twice as Likely to have high BP

Body Composition Muscle Bone Connective tissue Organs 1 Lb of muscle takes up less space that 1Lb of fat Lean Tissue Subcutaneous fat Internal fat (android obesity) Fat Tissue

Methods of Determining Body Composition Underwater weighing Bioelectric impedance Ultrasound X-Rays MRI Lab Methods Body mass index (BMI) Skinfold measurements Circumference measurements Field Methods

Sample of body composition

Waist/Hip Ratio Related to android obesity and internal body fat Waist circumference divided by the hip circumference Males: less than 1.0 Females: less than.80 American Heart Association standards:

Calculating Body Weight Components and a Desirable Body Weight Kate: height—5’7; weight—160 pounds; percent body fat—25%; desired percent body fat—20% 1. Determine her fat weight by multiplying her body weight by her percent body fat. 160 pounds .25 = 40 pounds of fat weight (continued)

Calculating Body Weight Components and a Desirable Body Weight 160 pounds – 40 pounds of fat weight = 120 pounds of fat-free weight 2. Find her fat-free weight by subtracting her fat weight from her total weight. (continued) 100% – 20%body fat = 80% fat-free mass 3. Figure her goal for fat-free mass by subtracting her goal for her body fat from 100%.

Calculating Body Weight Components and a Desirable Body Weight 120 pounds ÷.80 = 150 pounds 4. Find her body weight goal by dividing her current fat-free mass by her new fat-free mass goal. 160 pounds – 150 pounds = 10 pounds fat loss 5. Determine her fat loss goal by subtracting her body weight goal from her current weight.

idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a disorder of elevated spinal fluid pressure in the brain. PTC is a condition important to recognize because it may lead to progressive loss of vision over time – which may be permanent. Dyslipidemia is an abnormal amount of lipids (e.g. cholesterol and/or fat) in the blood. In developed countries, most dyslipidemias are hyperlipidemias; that is, an elevation of lipids in the blood. This is often due to diet and lifestyle Phlebitis or Venitis is the inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs. It most commonly occurs in superficial veins. Gout is caused by too much uric acid in the blood, it may form hard crystals in your joints. Your chances of getting gout are higher if you are overweight, drink too much alcohol, or eat too much meat and fish that are high in chemicals.