© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 7: Ethnicity The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Race – Race – a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on ideas that some biological differences are more important than others.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Human Race Technically race is not a correct term-since we are all the same race or species- human. Example-all dogs are the same species-yet great variation in size, color, shape, etc.-FAR LESS VARIETY IN HUMANS. Human subspecies exhibit a difference in gene frequency- e.g. northern Europe-blue- eyed dominant, southern Europe brown-eyed is dominant

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Racial & Ethnic Minorities Oldest human records show that the concept of “minorities” existed –A common issue was how to treat them and how to handle issues that effected those groups Dominant Groups In society, the group of people that has power is the dominant group. –Rulers –Lawgivers –Religious, military, & educational leaders A group overpowered by the dominant group or that comes in after power is established is a minority The dominant group establishes the values & norms of society –It creates a social structure that works in the group’s favor –Minorities have to live within those rules & are often treated differently

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Minority Groups Common misconception – minority groups are numerically smaller than the majority minority group – any recognizable group in a society that suffers some discrimination by the dominant group –depending on the society, different factors can determine minority status Racial Groups The concept of race is based on observable physical differences from inherited biological traits Commonly based on skin color & ancestral origin Centuries of racial mixing, resulted in an intermingling of races Sociologists aren’t related in the biology of race, they are interested in it based on how it relates to social culture

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicity Ethnicity = from the Greek ethnikos, meaning “national” –Ethnicities share a cultural identity with people from the same homeland –Ethnicities have distinctive cultural traits Race = people who share a biological ancestor

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Groups Racial groups based on physical characteristics, ethnic groups based on cultural factors –National origin, religion, language, norms & values Broad ethnic categories exist –“Asian Americans” covers many different national groups –Jews – racially & nationally diverse but are bound together by common religion, customs & values In the US, nationality groups tend to settle in the same neighborhood Depending on the strength of a group’s ethnic identity, members may be pressured to make friends or have relationships only/primarily within their group

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Distribution of ethnicities in the United States –Hispanics (Latinos) = 15 percent of the U.S. population –African Americans = 13 percent of the U.S. population –Asian Americans = 4 percent of the U.S. population –American Indians = 1 percent of the U.S. population

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Hispanics in the United States Figure 7-1

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of African Americans in the United States Figure 7-2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Asian Americans in the United States Figure 7-3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of American Indians in the United States Figure 7-4

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Concentration of ethnicities in U.S. cities –90 percent of African Americans and Hispanics live in cities –Remnants of twentieth-century European migration = still evident on the landscape Example: clustering of restaurants in Little Italy, Greektown

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Distribution of Ethnicities in Chicago and Los Angeles Figure 7-5Figure 7-6

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? African American migration patterns –Three major migration patterns Forced migration from Africa (eighteenth century) –The triangular slave trade Immigration from the South to northern cities (first half of the twentieth century) –Identifiable paths of migration Immigration out of inner cities to other urban areas (second half of the twentieth century to present) –The ghetto

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Triangular Slave Pattern Figure 7-8

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. African American Migration in the United States (Twentieth Century) Figure 7-10

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed? Differentiating ethnicity and race –Often confusing –Race = traits that are shared genetically Biological features within one racial group are highly variable –Biological classification of people into distinct racial groups is meaningless Spatial effects of racism –“Separate but equal” –“White flight” »Blockbusting –Apartheid in South Africa

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Apartheid Figure 7-13

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Rise of nationalities –Nationality = identity with a group of people who share a common allegiance to a particular country –Nation-state –Examples Denmark Nation-states in Europe –Nationalism = loyalty and devotion to a nationality

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nation-states in Europe Figure 7-15

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into Nationalities? Multinational states –Multiethnic state A state with multiple ethnic groups, all of whom might contribute to a larger national identity –Example: the United States –Multinational state A state with multiple ethnic groups who retain their own distinctive national identity –Example: the United Kingdom –Example: Russia (the largest multinational state) Revival of ethnic identity

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Russia Figure 7-18

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic competition to dominate nationality –Ethnic competition in the Horn of Africa Ethiopia and Eritrea Sudan Somalia –Ethnic competition in Lebanon Religious and ethnic differences

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Diversity in Eastern Africa Figure 7-21

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Lebanon Figure 7-23

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing ethnicities among more than one state –Dividing ethnicities in South Asia India and Pakistan –Kashmir Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Division in South Asia Figure 7-24

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing = process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful group from their territory –The purpose is not to subjugate, but to remove –Today, most ethnic cleansing happens in Europe and Africa

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing in Europe –Largest forced migration = 1939–1945 Jews, gypsies, and others forcibly removed by Nazis –The former Yugoslavia Creation of multiethnic Yugoslavia The breakup of Yugoslavia –Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia –Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo –Balkanization

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Balkans in 1914 Figure 7-29

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing in central Africa –Most boundaries in Africa do not correspond to ethnic groups –Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi destabilizes the region Ethnic cleansing and genocide in Rwanda Refugees spill into neighboring countries Democratic Republic of Congo falls into civil war

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnicities in Africa Figure 7-33

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender Gender – “a culture’s assumptions about the differences between men and women: their ‘characters,’ the roles they play in society, what they represent.” - Domosh and Seager

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender is a social as well as biological difference. Modernization has reduced the inequalities but has NOT eliminated them. Even in Europe & the US equality has NOT been achieved. UK, India, Israel, Pakistan & the Philippines have had female leaders=the US has not Wages & barriers to economic & social advancement are found in the political and corporate realm

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender Inequality Women make 80 c. to the Male dollar-even accounting for time off to raise kids. Over her career, the average U.S. woman loses $1.2 m. to wage inequity. Every industrialized nation except US & Australia have paid parental leave with a guaranteed job upon return Women over 65 are twice as likely to be poor as men. Women chose jobs closer to home Occupational segregation-women have less chance to advance-take lower paying jobs in more restricted locations Male dominance is a world-wide phenomenon In general Western women are better off than elsewhere

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Female–Male Income Differences Fig. 9-11: Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Demography & Health On average women live 4 yrs. longer than men Core countries-5 to 7 yrs. Longer World Bank=Africa +3 yrs, South America & Europe, US + 6 yrs. Women less likely to: –Smoke –Drink –Eat too much –Drive too fast –Have very high stress

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Quality of Life-Maternal Mortality Rates Western World rate is 5/100,000 South Asia has highest maternity mortality rates=650/100,000 Reasons: –Inadequate medical care –Excessive number of pregnancies –Malnutrition –Lack of adequate birth control

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Female Infanticide-India India-gender detection tests often result in aborted females-the ratio of men to women in India is widening. Although outlawed- dowry still exists in India- families with sons receive payments from the bride’s parents Dowry deaths are common Laws against female infanticide & dowry deaths exist-but are not being enforced.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Women in India Hindu culture attaches great importance to the male dominated family. Hinduism teaches a reverence for all life-yet girls are still forced into arranged marriages- disputes over dowries “Bride Price” often results in the death of the young bride. Many dowry deaths are reported as “kitchen accidents” and never investigated.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Dowry Deaths in India - murders of brides (often by burning) when a dispute arises over a dowry. Difficult to “legislate away” the power relationships that lead to dowry deaths-female infanticide is also tied to the disempowerment of women

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.China China’s traditional attitude toward women-a burden Female infanticide was a common rural practice-but after the One Child Policy- it rose in urban areas as well. Abortions in China are legal after gender identification tests Millions of female infants die of food depravation, denial of medical care, abandonment or murder