Cable Fault Products from Megger

Megger experience in cable fault location Patents from Megger:- 1957: Bechtel: Fault Location in Electrical Cables 1974: Ironside Multiple Null Bridges 1992: Steiner: DART Differential Arc Reflection Technique

Ingredients for success Products designed to meet customers’ need to reduce customer minutes lost Design Criteria Ease of use Rapid, accurate and safe Pre and pinpoint location of faults Fully integrated system Robust

What is Megger’s “Logical Approach”? A Logical way of looking at faults, Choosing the right method, for the right fault.

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Fault Notification Fault Diagnosis LOW resistance fault <300 Ω HIGH resistance fault >300 Ω C.O.T., C.O.C. Method LV Methods of Pre-Location HV Methods of Pre-Location Fault Located? Fault Located? Pinpoint Fault Location No Yes Yes Supply restored Fault corrected Yes No Fault Conditioning

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained Fault Diagnosis Apart from determining the faulty phase, WE NEED TO KNOW what type of fault we have, low or high resistance. Low Resistance (<300 Ω approx) Standard Pulse Echo (T.D.R) method (low voltage) High Resistance (>300 Ω approx) Arc Reflection, Arc Reflection Plus, Impulse Current, Voltage Decay (high voltage)

Megger’s Logical Approach Terms Explained Low resistance fault - low voltage methods A TDR transmits a pulse along the conductor. If the conductor is of a uniform impedance there will be no reflection. Any changes in impedance will cause some or all of the pulse to be reflected back. Pulse from TDR Reflection High resistance Low resistance

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained High resistance fault - high voltage methods Several methods available in Megger PFLs that use a high voltage source:- Arc Reflection. Impulse Current, also known as Surge Impulse, Current Impulse. Voltage Decay, can be known as Voltage Oscillation, Voltage Impulse.

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained Arc Reflection. The principle is very simple:- An arc (or breakdown) is created at the point of fault ,in effect a short circuit to Earth. During this arc a standard pulse echo measurement is taken into the arc. This measurement is then compared with a previously stored trace. The point of fault is clearly visible as the point that the two traces split. Normally only a single breakdown or flashover at the fault is required. Reference Trace Arc Trace Point of Divergence

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained Arc Reflection Plus Unique to Megger In Arc Reflection Plus we take up to 1024 traces during the arc (breakdown), giving the operator the ability to select the “best” trace i.e. The one showing the best point of divergence Differential Arc Reflection Unique to Megger In Differential Arc Reflection (D.A.R.T.) the reference trace is mathematically subtracted from the trace obtained during the arc. This removes unwanted and confusing reflection, leaving a clean trace with only the fault position being displayed by a positive pulse .

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained Impulse Current In impulse current we generate a flashover at the point of fault with a high voltage surge generator (thumper). The resultant parasitic signals are reflected both to the end of the cable and back towards the PFL, where they are detected by a CT and then captured by the MTDR100 which is acting as a storage scope. Typical Trace

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained Voltage Decay. In voltage decay we generate a flashover at the point of fault with a high voltage d.c. source. The resultant parasitic signals are reflected both to the far end of the cable and back towards the PFL, where they are detected by a voltage divider, and then fed to the MTDR100 which is acting as a storage scope. Typical Trace

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained Fault Conditioning In the event that none of the low voltage or high voltage methods of pre-location have been successful we may need to “condition” the fault. This means we need to create a stable fault condition breakdown, which is achieved by apply current following breakdown. The objective of this is to create a “carbon bridge” to earth, we can then use our standard low voltage pulse echo method.

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained Fault Conditioning Where the fault condition is unstable i.e. flashing, or only occasionally breaking down, we again need to revert to fault conditioning (burning) to create a stable fault condition. Warning ! Excessive use of “burning” can create problems ! Excessive burning can damage adjacent cables/ancillaries Excessive burning can create “dead short” which means the fault will not flashover, creating difficulties in pinpointing.

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained Pinpointing Pinpointing is locating the “exact” position of the fault. This is achieved by using a surge generator (thumper) and detecting the electromagnetic and audio signals emitted from the flashover (fault) Fault Manhole Time between max EM and Acoustic signals Max EM signal Max Acoustic signal

Megger’s “Logical Approach” Terms Explained C.O.T. Method Cup of tea method. If you are unsure walk away, have a cup of tea, refresh yourself and then go back. C.O.C. Method Cup of coffee method. If you are unsure walk away, have a cup of tea, refresh yourself and then go back. G.O.B. Method Glass of beer method. It’s your fault to find and it’s your fault if you don’t find it! It’s also to your credit when you do.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Arc Reflection Arc Reflection Plus Impulse Current I.C.E. Voltage Decay Burn Proof/Burn Continuity Insulation Resistance Test/Proof Pulse Echo TDR Pinpoint Surge Generator Fault Located Fault Not Located Fault Not Located R <300 Ω R >300 Ω

NEW PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location Module New CFL products from Design Criteria Rapid , accurate and safe Ease of use Pre and pinpoint location of faults Fully integrated system Robust NEW PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location Module NEW MTDR100 TDR (Integrated in PFL’s)

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Design Features Compete in a world-wide market place All new design. 2-range (constant energy) . Manual control system, easy to use, elegant, suitable for world-wide applications. New MTDR Value for money, easy to use. Rapid , accurate and safe. Pre and pinpoint location of faults. Fully integrated system. Rugged field use.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Key Specifications High Voltage Elements Surge Output: 2-range 0 - 8kV & 0 - 16kV 1500 Joules d.c Output: 0-10kV & 0-20kV (-ve) 0 – 115mA @ 10kV 0 - 55mA @ 20kV Supply: 2-range Universal AVSM 108-132V.a.c. & 208-256V.a.c. 47 – 63Hz Optional 11.5-14V.d.c. Inverter

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Key Specifications Cable Fault Location Elements Prelocation LV methods: Pulse Echo HV methods: Arc Reflection Arc Reflection Plus (ARP) Differential Arc Reflection (DART) Impulse Current (current impulse) Pinpointing: Acoustic and Electromagnetic (with MPP)

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Key Specifications T.D.R. (Radar) Elements Operation: Single Jog-Dial ; Menu Driven Range: 10 ranges, 100m to 55km Pulse Width: 50 ns to 10μs Display: XGA 1024 x 768 10.4” Storage: On-board file manager and USB Software: CS1 upload/download and review

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Status Bar Red Active / Green Grounded Warning Lamp External Interlock Zero Start Interlock Range Switch Interlock Blue LED Voltage Preview Mode Switch Interlock Cable Interlock ON/OFF Emergency Stop Zero Start Position Safety

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Red Active / Green Grounded PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Display Status Bar Red Active / Green Grounded Voltage Preview Indicator Analogue d.c. Milliamp meter Analogue d.c. Kilovolt meter NB: Analogue metering chosen as it is responsive and gives a visual indication of even slight changes or kicks ! NB: Analogue metering also gives a visual, easy to understand indication of trends.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Arc Reflection Select Illuminated Pushbutton Voltage Selector Switch Illuminated initiate Start/Stop Surge Select Illuminated Pushbuttons TDR Select ON/OFF Emergency Stop Surge Repetition Control Knob Proof/Burn Select Controls Voltage Control Knob Mode Selector Switch

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System External HV Interlock Connection Earth/Ground Warning Beacon External Battery Connection (+) Connection (-) External Connections

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Operation Turn on the Unit Pull out Emergency Stop, to turn the unit on. All lamps will illuminate during self test. NB: The Voltage and Mode selector switches are locked in position during transportation to help avoid mishandling. Therefore they cannot be moved turned until the unit is turned on.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Operation 2.a. Voltage Selection To select the required voltage range, either 0-10 or 0-20kV lift the voltage selector switch, rotate to the desired voltage range and depress. NB: If the voltage or mode selection switches are not fully depressed, the appropriate interlock lamp will be illuminated.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Operation 2.b. Voltage Selection Once the required voltage range is selected, the required voltage is obtained by rotating the voltage control knob. Voltage will be displayed on the voltmeter, however no voltage is actually being applied to the test piece, whilst the blue voltage preview lamp is illuminated. It is purely a voltage “preview”

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Operation 3.a. Mode Selection To select the desired mode from the two groups; Arc Reflection - TDR or Proof/Burn - Surge, lift the mode selector switch, rotate to the desired group and depress. Ensuring it is fully home.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Operation 3.b. Mode Selection Arc Reflection & TDR or Proof/Burn & Surge. Following selection the blue lights will be illuminated. To select either mode (from the group) depress the illuminated pushbutton. The other pushbutton lamp will go out.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Operation Initiate (Start) To start any “activity” the illuminated “initiate” button is pressed. NB: In d.c. mode this initiate lamp flashes to show that d.c. Is active.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Review High Voltage 2-range; 0-8 kV & 0-16 kV Surge @ 1500 Joule 0-10 kV & 0-20 kV dc @ 115 mA & 58 mA Modes of CFL Prelocation Pulse Echo, Arc Reflection, Arc Reflection Plus, Differential Arc Reflection, Impulse Current Conditioning Proof/Burn 0-10 kV & 0-20 kV dc : 115 mA & 58 mA Pinpointing 0-8 kV & 0-16 kV Surge Energy @ 1500J oule

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 (as integrated in PFL22M1500)

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Key Specifications Operation: Single Jog-Dial ; Menu Driven Range: 10 ranges, 100 m to 55 km Pulse Width: 50 ns to 10 μs Display: XGA 1024 x 768 10.4” Storage: On-board file manager and USB Office Software CS1 upload/download and review traces on pc.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Display Status Bar Operator Settings Menu and Sub-Menus Trace Cursors

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Display Status Bar Cable Type: Selected from cable library, or custom cable put in by operator Vp: Velocity factor, set by operator or by default setting in cable library Pulse: Pulse width, either set automatically with range or set by operator Gain: Amplification applied to the trace Range: Set by operator Trace # : The number of the trace (Arc Reflection Plus only)

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Display Operator Menu Bar Range: Ranges from 100 m to 55 km Pulse Width: Set from 50 ns to 10 μs or Auto with range Gain: Set gain to be applied to trace Velocity: Set velocity factor of cable (library or custom) Test: Used to activate the TDR/Pulse Echo modes Arm: Used in Arc Reflection or Impulse Current modes to activate high speed storage facilities of the MTDR100 Cursors: Used to activate and move left and right cursors

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Display Operator Menu Bar Arc Plus: Arc Reflection Plus. View: Opens sub-menu to Zoom or Pan along trace V Position: Allows the operator to move the trace. Mode: sub-menu to select Arc Reflection, TDR, Current Impulse and Voltage Decay (not available on PFL22M1500) File: Access on-board file manager (save/upload/download) Preferences: Access preferences sub-menu Exit: only on CS1 emulator software.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Display

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Display

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Operation The unit automatically powers-up when the PFL22M1500 is turned-on. Additionally the MTDR100 can be turned off independent of the PFL. USB Socket, used to download or upload traces and for updating software, as updates become available. All control is through the rotary jog-dial. Turn to manoeuvre to required menu or sub-menu, push to select/confirm

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Review Operation: Single Jog-Dial ; Menu Driven Modes: Pulse Echo, Arc Reflection, Impulse Current Ranges: 10 ranges, 100 m to 55 km Pulse Width: 50 ns to 10 μs Display: XGA 1024 x 768 10.4” Storage: On-board file manager and USB Office Software CS1 upload/download and review

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System MTDR100 Review Unique Specification Arc Reflection Plus Up to 1024 traces per range: 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, down to 16 Differential Arc Reflection: In Differential Arc Reflection mode unwanted and confusing reflection are removed leaving a clean trace with only the fault position being displayed by a positive pulse . This method is especially suited in locating high-resistance faults in complex cable systems

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Review High Voltage 2-range; 0-8 kV & 0-16 kV Surge @ 1500 Joule 0-10 kV & 0-20 kV dc @ 115 mA & 58 mA Modes of CFL Prelocation Pulse Echo, Arc Reflection, Arc Reflection Plus, Differential Arc Reflection, Impulse Current Conditioning Proof/Burn 0-10 kV & 0-20 kV dc : 115 mA & 58 mA Pinpointing 0-8kV & 0-16kV Surge Energy @ 1500Joule

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Review Modes (Methods) Pulse Echo (LV fault pre-location) Arc Reflection (HV fault pre-location) Arc Reflection Plus (ARP) (HV fault pre-location) Differential Arc Reflection (DART) (HV fault pre-location) Impulse Current / Impulse Voltage (HV fault pre-location) HV Insulation Test (Fault diagnosis) Proof / Burn (Fault conditioning) Surge Generator / Thumper (Pinpointing)

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System Review MTDR100 Unique Specification Arc Reflection Plus Up to 1024 traces per range: 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, down to 16 Differential Arc Reflection: In Differential Arc Reflection mode unwanted and confusing reflection are removed leaving a clean trace with only the fault position being displayed by a positive pulse . This method is especially suited in locating high-resistance faults in complex cable systems”

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL Transit Cases Additionally

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL Transit Cases Why ? Customer often need to move PFL’s to different sites or locations. The “new” PFL transit cases protect our customer investment, by ensuring no damage is caused when moving units from location to location. Megger Sales team protect their loaner and consignment stock PFLs when being sent out to Customers, Exhibitions or shows. Can be used when returning units for calibration or other service issues.

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL Transit Cases Ordering Information Part Number Description 2001 – 289 PFL22M1500 Transit Case

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System PFL22M1500 Cable Fault Location and HV Test System And don’t forget MPP2000

Cable Fault Location and HV Test System The winning Combination