Unit E: Space Exploration

Focusing Questions: How have humans attained a presence in space? What technologies have been developed and on what scientific ideas are they based? How has the development of these technologies contributed to the exploration, use and understanding of space and to benefits on Earth?

Unit E: Space Exploration 1.0 Human understanding of Earth & space has changed over time 2.0 Technological developments are making space exploration possible & offer benefits to the Earth 3.0 Optical Telescopes, radio telescopes & other technologies advance our understanding of space

Human Understanding of Both Earth & Space has Changed Over Time

1.1 Early Views About the Cosmos Fascination with space and celstial events has been watched in wonder for thousands of years. This desire to explain the “unknown” has fuelled the human imagination, marked the passage of time and foretold the changes in seasons Early knowledge was passed from generation to generation and from culture to culture, often as legend and folklore

Medicine Circles constructed by laying stones in a particular pattern on the ground Key rocks aligned with the bright stars that rose in the dawn

Pyramid of Khufu – Giza, Egypt the oldest and largest of the three pyramids (Built c BC) Entrance lined up with Thuban, which was the closest star showing true North

Stonehenge – Wiltshire, England erected around 2500 BC Arranged in concentric circles the enormous stones mark the summer and winter Solstices

Chichen Itza – Yucatan, Mexico Built by the Maya civilization in about 1000 A.D. to celebrate the occurrence of the two equinoxes

Geocentric Model About 2000 years ago the Greek philosopher, Aristotle proposed that the Earth is the center of the universe and other objects go around it Aristotle hypothesized that distant stars were attached to the celestial sphere where they stayed put and that is why they did not move.

Heliocentric Model In 1530, Nicholas Copernicus proposed that the sun was at the center of the universe His Heliocentric model was one in which the Earth and planets revolved around a stationary Sun at the center of the universe

More Support for the Heliocentric Model In the 1600’s Galileo Galilei used a telescope to observe planets that were clearly moving around the sun Johannes Kepler used detailed observation on the movement of planets to realize that the orbits of planets were not actually circular but elliptical. This would be the framework for our current model

Equinox L. aequus (equal) nox (night) At equinox – equal night and day March 20/21 and September 22/23 each year.

Solstice L. sol (sun) sistere (to stand still), Happens twice each year, when the tilt of the Earth's axis is most inclined toward or away from the Sun, causing the Sun's apparent position in the sky to reach its northernmost or southernmost extreme.

Your Task Read pages Take your own notes!!!!!! Do activity on page 371. You will be handing this in at the end of the period Answer Check and Reflect Questions on: Page 376: 1-9 Your Quiz on Wednesday will be taken directly from these questions Create a Glossary for this WHOLE UNIT. That means all the terms that are BOLDED from page

1.2 Discovery Through Technology Technological advances soon become integrated into our daily lives & become common place. Eg. calculators

Astronomer's Tools Technological advances have enabled a greater understanding of our place in the solar system. For example; quadrant Astrolabe Cross-staff Telescopes (Reference p 378)

Space – Distance & Time Astronomical Units Used to measure w/in our solar system 1 AU = center of Earth to center of Sun (≈ 1.5 x 10 8 km) Light Years Used to measure distance o/s our solar system light travels at 3.00 x 10 8 m/s 1 light-year ≈ 9.5 x km (trillion) Give it a Try p 382

1.3 Distribution of Matter in Space Our Sun is a main sequence, Class II yellow star (Fig. 1.18) Comprises ≈ 99% of the mass of the solar system H fusion reactions

Life of a Star Reference p 386 – 388 Birth of stars occurs in nebulae Gravitational attraction build a core to form a protostar (fig. 1.19) Death of a star occurs as H begins to run out Red giant or supergiant – expansion of outer layers White dwarf – fusion stops Black dwarf – dead star Death of massive stars lead to supernova explosions -> neutron star -> black hole

Star Groups Constellations 88 recognized star patterns Asterisms Unofficial star patterns ?v=QXeEAQtC75g

1.4 Our Solar Neighborhood Read Section 1.4 Create summary table of planets – know order

Protoplanet Hypothesis aka Nebular theory Three steps Swirling cloud of dust and gas 90% +/- accumulates forming a sun (star) Remaining material forms planets

Sun Composition Made up of mostly H and He Dense core Corona

Sun Spots intense magnetic activity that causes reduced temperatures

Solar Flare a large explosion in the Sun’s atmosphere

Solar Wind The Sun emits charged particles at 400 km/s Earth’s magnetic field deflects the particles

Planets Two types of planets named for location & composition Terrestrial (inner) planets smaller & rockier Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars Jovian (outer) planets large & gaseous Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Read about each planet p

Asteroids Small, rocky, metallic bodies traveling in space between Mars & Jupiter

Comets “dirty snowballs” orbit the Sun

Meteoroids, Meteors, Meteorites Meteoroids – small pieces of rock in space Meteors – “shooting stars” Meteorites – on Earth

Eclipse solar & lunar

Check & Reflect p 400 Do Questions # 1 – 9

Let’s Clear a Few Things Up Next Solar Eclipse Nov  Be there or be square!!! Next Lunar Eclipse April 14, 2015 BCE= Before Common Era (more politically correct) CE = Common Era or you can use AD which stands for ANNO DOMINI

1.5 Position of Objects in Space Two references are required to locate stellar objects Azimuth: "which compass direction it can be found in the sky." compass direction 0 o = N (clockwise from N) Altitude: "how far above the horizon the object is" 0 o = horizon Maximum altitude = 90 o Zenith = highest point overhead (ie straight up)

1.5 Position of Objects in Space Two references are required to locate stellar objects Azimuth compass direction 0 o = N (clockwise from N)

1.5 Position of Objects in Space Two references are required to locate stellar objects Altitude 0 o = horizon Maximum altitude = 90 o Zenith = highest point overhead (ie straight up) Altitude

Motion in the Heavens Stars stay relatively stationary while planets move a varying speeds This perplexed early naked eye astronomers Because planets follow an elliptical orbit they appear to travel at different speeds at different times

Your Task Read p 401 – 404 Check & Reflect # Section Review p 406 # 2,4,5,10,12&13 Expect a Quest Next Class

2.0 Technological developments are making space exploration possible & offer benefits to the Earth - Eagle LandingEagle Landing - One StepOne Step

Section 2.1 Technologies for Space Transport

Satellites used for communication, navigation, research & weather forecasting

Robotic Probes launched September 5, 1977 Voyager 1 is the farthest human-made object from Earth, AU

International Space Station Launched Nov 1998 expected to remain in operation until at least 2015, and likely 2020

Rocket Science - History steam propellant – Greeks gunpowder - Chinese

Sputnik first satellite Oct launched by Russia

Sputnik & the race for space The Vanguard Failed Launches

Laika – first living thing in space Nov 1957

“This is rocket science” Newton’s 3 rd Law – For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. movie

Three Parts of a Rocket machinery – parts of the rocket fuel – various propellants payload – crew and other materials

Alternative Propellants Ion Drives – long lasting low force drives using accelerated charged particles Solar Sails – will use photons emitted by the sun to allow long distance travel

Space Shuttles Columbia* Challenger* * accident/tragedy Discovery Atlantis Endeavour ?v=j4JOjcDFtBE

Shuttle Engines – 2 x SRB Solid Rocket Booster - SRBs are solid rockets that provide most of the main force or thrust (71 percent) needed to lift the space shuttle off the launch pad. Each SRB has the following;solid rocketsthrust solid propellant fuel - atomized aluminum (16 percent) oxidizers - ammonium perchlorate (70 percent) catalyst - iron oxide powder (0.2 percent)

Shuttle Engines - SRB Because the SRBs are solid rocket engines, once they are ignited, they cannot be shut down. they are the last component to light at launch. thrust = 2.65 million lb (11.7 million N) recovery systems parachutes (drogue, main) floatation devices signaling devices

<- separation recovery

Shuttle Engines – 3 x Main Main Engines – fuel = oxygen + hydrogen (external tank) link link link local

Shuttle Engines – 2 x OMS orbital manoeuvring system engines one on either side of the tail These engines place the shuttle into final orbit, change the shuttle's position from one orbit to another, and slow the shuttle down for re-entry.

Your Task Read 408 – 416 Check & Reflect p 417 # 1-5

2.2 Living in Space Hazards of living in space: environmental – no air/water; cosmic rays; radiation; temperature extremes (120 o o C) ; absence of pressure psychological – claustrophobia; inter-relational problems physiological – microgravity; atrophy of muscles; “boiling” blood (N 2 & other fluids)

Space Suit Without protection in space: you would become unconscious within 15 seconds because there is no oxygen. your blood and body fluids would "boil" and then freeze because there is little or no air pressure.blood your tissues (skin, heart, other internal organs) would expand because of the boiling fluids.skinheart

Space Suit Without protection in space: you would face extreme changes in temperature: 120 o C o C you would be exposed to various types of radiation,radiation such as cosmic rays,cosmic rays and charged particles emitted from the sun (solar wind).solar wind you could be hit by small particles of dust or rock that move at high speeds (micrometeoroids) or orbiting debris from satellites or spacecraft.satellites

Clean Water Without recycling 40,000 lb/y of water from Earth would be required to supply a minimum of four crewmembers for the life of the station. (Not even research animals are excused from the program.) It might sound disgusting, but water leaving the space station's purification machines will be cleaner than what most of us drink on Earth - much cleaner than anything you'll ever get out of any tap. CBC – Space Station Water

3 Steps to Clean Water a filter that removes particles and debris multi-filtration beds that remove organic and inorganic impurities the "catalytic oxidation reactor" removes volatile organic compounds and kills bacteria and viruses.

Power electrical power allows the crew to live comfortably, to safely operate the station, and to perform scientific experiments. relies solar arrays and on nickel-hydrogen rechargeable batteries during the "eclipse" part of the orbit

Dr. Robert (Bob) Thirsk (1953- ) attended primary and secondary schools in British Columbia, Alberta and Manitoba and received a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Calgary in 1976, a master of science degree in mechanical engineering from MIT in 1978, an M.D. from McGill University in 1982, and his M.B.A. from the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1998 as a Sloan Fellow.British ColumbiaAlbertaManitoba bachelor of sciencemechanical engineeringUniversity of Calgarymaster of science mechanical engineering MITM.D. McGill UniversityM.B.A. MIT Sloan School of ManagementSloan Fellow

Julie Payette elementary and secondary schools in Montreal she completed an IB Diploma at the international United World College of the Atlantic in South Wales, UK.IB DiplomaUnited World College of the AtlanticSouth WalesUK received a bachelor of engineering cum laude from McGill University in 1986 and a Master of applied science from the University of Toronto in cum laudeMcGill UniversityUniversity of Toronto

Dr. Roberta Bondar (Cdn) Read biography p 426 & RD Space Females Check and Reflect p 425 #

2.3 Space Technology on Earth

Satellites Read p Communication Observation & Research (earthcam) Remote Sensing GPS p 430

Space Materials Reference p 431 Check & Reflect p 432 #1 - 8 Section Review p 433 QUIZ II

3.0 Optical Telescopes, Radio Telescopes & Other Technologies

3.1 Seeing the Visible Reference p 435

Optical Telescopes Refracting telescope – uses two lenses Reflecting telescope – uses mirrors

Optical Telescopes segmented mirror telescope – uses smaller mirrors to make one large mirror interferometry – using multiple telescopes to gain clarity

Hubble Space Telescope in use for the last 16 years this reflecting telescope orbits the earth giving unobstructed views of space Hubblesite.org

Optical Telescopes Review Check & Reflect p 439 # 1 – 8 Giant Magellan Telescope – largest Earth based optical telescope

3.2 Seeing Beyond the Visible Reference p 440 Properties of EMR wavelength (λ); frequency ( f ); speed (c) high f and short λ -> high energy

Radio Telescopes - Detecting EMR a directional radio antenna radio observatories are often placed in valleys to shield them from EMI as opposed to clear air mountain tops for optical observatories

Radio Interferometry Using multiple telescopes arranged in an array to increase performance and accuracy of the radio images

Space Probes TED:Carolyn Porco Voyager Galileo Cassini

3.3 Using Technology Reference p 440 Electromagnetic Spectrum Spectroscope

Measuring Distance Triangulation: scale drawings can be used to estimate distance Percent Error Calculations p 449

Measuring Distance Parallax – apparent shift in position of an object when viewed from two different positions used to determine angles for triangulation calculations

Composition of Stars Using a spectroscope scientists can determine the chemical composition of a star by observing its absorption spectra.

Composition of Stars

Motion of Stars Doppler Effect – compression or rarefaction of waves due to movement of the source result in a change of pitch Red shift indicates an expanding universe Doppler Train

Practice Check & Reflect p 454 # 1- 9 Assess Your Learning p 455 # 1-9

4.0 Society & the environment are affected by space exploration & technologies.

4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457 Lives lost in Space Exploration Apollo 1 (1967) 3 crew lost in a fire before lift-off Ed White, Gus Grissom, and Roger Chaffee

4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457 Lives lost in Space Exploration Soyuz 1(1967) 1 crew lost on landing Vladimir Komarov

4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457 Lives lost in Space Exploration Soyuz 11 (1971) 3 crew lost – depressurization on re-entry Georgi Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov, and Viktor Patsayev.

4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457 Lives lost in Space Exploration Challenger (1986) 7 crew lost – explosion on lift- off El Onizuka, Christa McAuliffe, Greg Jarvis, Judy Resnik, Mike Smith, Dick Scobee, & Ron McNair.

4.1 Risks & Dangers Reference p 457 Lives lost in Space Exploration Columbia (2003) 7 crew lost – failed re-entry David Brown, Laurel Clark, Michael Anderson, Ilan Ramon, Rick Husband, Kalpana Chawla, and William McCool

Space Junk Debris and abandoned equipment orbiting the Earth create significant hazards to space travel

4.2 CDN Contributions Reference p 460 Canada has made major contributions to space exploration: Alouette 1  1962 Apollo 11 landing gear  1969 Launch of the first telecommunications satellite, Anik 1  1972 Canadarm 1  1981 First Canadian Astronaut in Space- Marc Garneau  1984 First Canadian female astronaut in Space- Roberta Bondar  1992 Ramp for Mars Pathfinder mission  1997 Canadarm 2  2001

4. Issues Reference p 464 Political, Ethical & Environmental

Pros & Cons of Space Travel Should we be spending $750 million –> 1.3 billion/flight The space shuttle program has cost $145 billion (2005)

Political Issues Who owns space? Who can use space resources? What laws should govern space?

Ethical Issues Should we be spending $750 million –> 1.3 billion/flight The space shuttle program has cost $145 billion (2005)

Military Use of Space

Environmental Issues Who should clean up space junk? How can we protect space from the human tendency to pollute?

Unit Summary p 470 Read Babies in Space p 471

Review Assignment Unit Review p 474 # 1 – 19 odd Use complete sentences & be neat!