1.Describe the photo below. 2. Who are they? 3. What time frame was this photo taken?

World War II US History

I. Events Leading to World War II A. Germany – Dawes Plan: US lends 2.5 billion to Germany between – US calls in its debts from Germany due to the Great Depression – German middle class hardest hit began looking for a savior. Most Germans unemployed. – Politics were polarized in Germany. (Fascists v. Communists) Fascists win the power struggle in Germany when Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933.

– 1933 Hitler forces legislation through the Reichstag that gave him dictatorial powers to become the Furher. – Hitler thought government was the solutions to his country’s problems. The government took over, because philosophy of Fascism is that the state is more important than the individual. – Hitler announced he would begin to rearm Germany in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Germany quits the League of Nations. – Hitler sends troops into Rhineland. – Hitler announced his plan to obtain Lebensraum (living space)

– March Hitler annexes Austria (Homeland)- 1 st country to be taken by Hitler. – September Hitler takes Sudetenland away from Czechoslovakia as part of the Munich Pact. – November Kristallnacht “Night of Broken Glass” government sponsored destruction of Jewish property. – August Hitler-Stalin pact is signed between Germany and Soviet Union agreeing not to fight a 2 front war. – September 1, Germany invades Poland (defeated in 2 weeks) using “blitzkrieg” “lightening warfare” – September 3, England and France declare war on Germany – WWII begins.

B. Japan – Saw war as a solution to its economic problems – Japan invades Chinese province of Manchuria for its coal and iron deposits. Begins to build up its military. – Japan takes over China’s coastline. – December 12, Japanese planes attack a navy gunboat, USS Panay, in China. Japan apologizes and offers to pay for the damages. Reinforces US isolationists that US should stay out of China.

C. Italy Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy- Fascist; wanted to revive Italy to its former greatness of ancient Roman Empire. – Attacks Ethiopia and annexes it to Italy. – Italy invades Albania.

D. US Remains Neutral – Kellogg-Brian Act: outlawed war; signed by US and 61 other countries. – Stimson Doctrine: US would not recognize any territories taken by force. – 1935 Neutrality Acts passed Prohibited US making loans to warring nations Prohibited US involvement in civil wars President must declare a state of war exists in order to take effect.

E. US Prepares for War – First peacetime draft – Arsenal of Democracy- January 1941 Lend-Lease Acts- US would help any nation that fought the Axis Powers. US would send everything BUT soldiers. FDR re-elected for a 3 rd term.

U.S. Involvement in WWII 1. Sunday, 7:55am Dec. 7 th, 1941 Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Pres. Roosevelt called it “a day which will live in infamy”. 2. US unprepared for the attack. US and Japan were negotiating. 3. US declared war on Japan. Then, Germany and Italy declared war on US. Germany and Japan thought the US could NOT fight in both oceans and win. Play first: Play Second (first minute) Play Third:

ON THE HOME FRONT A. Military Strength – 1. Over 12 million young men served in WWII. GI stood for gov’t issued. – 2. Women in the Service: first time women are allowed to volunteer for the armed forces – 3. African-Americans: were segregated; most were restricted to non-combative service jobs – 4. Japanese-Americans: were segregated; called NISEI in the military; most decorated for bravery.

B. Relocation of Japanese Americans – 1. Reasons: thought to still be loyal to Japan – 2. Only Jap-Amer. Living in WA, OR, CA, AZ were relocated to internment camps in isolated areas out west. – 3. AZ internment camps were in Poston and on the Gila River Indian Reservation – Congress passed a reparations bill to pay those interned in camps. ($20,000) –

C. War Work Force – 1. Women 6 million joined the work force Received 60% less pay; no job security; most were forced to leave their jobs after the war “Rosie the Riveter” symbolized strong, independent women who could do any job a man could do. Raised the standard of living in the US Single parent families increased as men went off to war Glass Ceiling: women could see where they wanted to advance in jobs but were not allowed due to discrimination.

“Rosie the Riveter”

2. Minorities – Racial discrimination banned by the gov’t in the hiring and firing of workers in plants that had gov’t contracts. – Great Migration of Southern Blacks to Northern Cities – Riots and lynching occurred – Mexican-Americans in CA prosper, but face prejudice

3. Mobilization of Industry – War Productions Board (WPB) oversaw our nation’s industrial production. Started rationing oil and food. – Increased farm production and supervised contracts.

4. Financing the War – War Bonds sold; $ 129 billion sold – Taxes increased – Bond Commercials –

5. Scientific Discoveries – Radar – Penicillin – DDT – Jet Engines – Splitting of the atom- led to atom bomb

AZ’s Contributions to WWII 1. Navajo Code Talkers – Created a secret military code, using the Navajo language that was never broken by the Japanese 2. Ira Hayes Pima Indian who fought and helped raised the flag on Iwo Jima 3. AZ Training Bases: ideal location due to weather a. Luke Air Force Base, Litchfield, AZ: largest training base for single engine planes b. Fort Huachuca, Sierra Linda, AZ: machine gun training base c. Yuma and Wickenburg, AZ: desert warfare training

WWII in Africa and Europe A. Commanders: – 1. General George Marshall: US Army Chief of Staff – 2. General Dwight Eisenhower: US Commander of Allied armies in Europe – 3. German General Rommel: In charge of the German Afrika Korps

B. Important Battles: Eastern Front – 1. Leningrad, Soviet Union: lasted 4 years; Germany loses – 2. Moscow: Soviet capital; harsh winter causes Germany to lose the battle – 3. Stalingrad, Soviet Union: turning point of war; Soviets win and push German army back to Germany.

C. Important Battles: Western Front – 1. Germany’s Afrika Korps defeated: Allies gain control of Northern Africa – 2. “Bloody Anzio” (Italy): Allies gain control of Italy after one of the bloodiest battles in Europe. – 3. Mussolini shot and hanged by Italian partisans (April 1945)

D-DAY – 4. D-Day, June 6 th, Code name “Operation Overlord.” Allied invasion of France. Largest land and sea invasion in history. France liberated from Germany army. – June 6, 1944 Omaha Beach D-Day June 6, 1944 Omaha Beach D-Day

– 5. Sept Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands liberated by Allies. – 6. April Elbe River, Germany. Soviet and Western Allies meet for the first time. – 7. Hitler commits suicide in Berlin, April 30, 1945 – May 8, 1945 (V-E Day) Victory in Europe- marks the end of WWII in Europe May 8, 1945 (V-E Day) Victory in Europe- marks the end of WWII in Europe

WWII In The Pacific Ocean A. Commanders 1. US Gen’l Douglas MacArthur: Supreme Allied Commander of Forces in the Pacific 2. Colonel James Doolittle: attacked Tokyo, Japan; boosted US morale; showed that Japan was not invincible 3. Admiral Chester Nimitz: led naval forces against Japan

B. Important Battles in the Pacific – 1. Battle of Midway Island: Spring 1942; kept Japan from taking over Hawaii – 2. Battle of Guadalcanal: Aug 1942: defended the island against Japanese attack: US used it as a base to attack Japan from – 3. Recapture of the Philippine Islands: 1944 – 4. Battle of Iwo Jima: Spring 1945; most savage fighting page&v=qWcDIMrd6eE page&v=qWcDIMrd6eE – 5. Battle of Okinawa: Spring 1945; terrible loss of life

End of WWII 1. “Manhattan Project”: code name given to atom bomb made in the US : Hiroshima (Aug. 6) Nagasaki (Aug 9 th ): Pres. Truman orders these Japanese cities bombed by US using atomic bombs. 3. Sept. 2, 1945: Japan surrenders aboard USS Missouri ending WWII.

After WWII 1. Pres. Truman ends segregation in the armed forces 2. US develops a policy of INTERNATIONALISM and begins to rebuild both Europe and Asia 3. Marshall Plan: US spends millions to rebuild Europe and to prevent the spread of communism and to prevent future wars 4. United Nations: Replaces the League of Nations: US joins the UN 5. Nuremberg Trials: War crime trials are held in Germany and Axis military leaders are sentenced to death 6. US economy “booms”: factories increase production