Australia as a Source of Migrants for Asia by Graeme Hugo ARC Australian Professorial Fellow Professor of Geography and Director of the Australian Population and Migration Research Centre, The University of Adelaide Presentation to Workshop 2a: Source Countries as Players in the International Competition for Talent Part 1 International Metropolis Conference, Tampere, Finland 10 September 2013

Outline of Presentation Introduction Context Data Asian Migration to Australia Asian Migration to Asia Implications Conclusion

Global International Migration, Source:United Nations, 2011 and 2013

World International Migrant Stock in Destination Countries in Thousands, 2010 Source:United Nations, 2011

Migrant Stocks by Country of Origin, 2010 Source:World Bank Bilateral Migration Matrix

International Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination, 2010 (millions and percentages) Source:United Nations, 2012, p. 1

The number of international migrants: absolute change and percentage change between 2000 and 2013, by major area Source: United Nations 2013

The number of international migrants: absolute change and percentage change between 2000 and 2013, by region Source: United Nations 2013

Increasing Inappropriateness of Dichotomies Used in Migration Disclosure Immigration country Vs emigration country North (Developed) Vs South (Less Developed) Permanent Vs Temporary Documented Vs Undocumented

Australia: A Country of Immigration 26.1 percent born overseas in percent Australia-born with an overseas-born parent(s) in ,049 persons temporarily present at 30 June 2011 Without postwar migration the Australian population would be less than 13 million

Indicators of Australian Diversity, 2011 Source: ABS, 2011 Census IndicatorPercent Born overseas26.1 Born overseas in NES country16.6 Australia-born with an overseas-born parent18.8 Speaks language other than English at home19.2 Ancestry (multi response) in a NES country (2006)26.0 Non-Christian religion22.3 Indigenous Population2.6 No. of birthplace groups with 10, No. of birthplace groups with 1, No. of indigenous persons548,369

Australian International Migration Data Stocks – quinqennial censuses Flows – comprehensive collection of all movement into and out of the country facilitated by - island geography - modern data collection, storage and analysis - modern forms of border surveillance - collection of data from both arrivals and departures

Immigration and Ethnicity Related Topics Included in Australian Population Censuses, Source:Paice, 1990; ABS, 2006a, 2009a

Short Term movers – Australian residents and citizens whose intended stay abroad is less than 12 months and Foreign visitors whose intended stay in Australia is less than 12 months. Long Term movements – departures of Australian residents and citizens who intend to return but with the intended length of stay abroad being 12 months or more and Foreign visitors with temporary residence who intend to leave Australia but after a period of more than 12 months. Permanent movements – Australian residents and citizens (including former settlers) departing with the stated intention of residing abroad permanently. Foreigners arriving with the stated intention of remaining permanently in Australia.

New Developments Matching of DIAC flow data with 2006 and 2011 ABS census data Personal identifier on arrivals and departures since 1998 Increasing spatial identifiers on all migrant intake data

A Model of the Asia Pacific- Australian Migration System Source: Hugo 2008 FROM THIRD COUNTRIES

Key Elements of the Australia-Asia Migration System Permanent settlement of the Asians in Australia Indirect settlement migration to Australia Return migration Third country migration Reciprocal migration of Australians to Asia Circular migration Circulation

Key Transitions in Asia-Pacific/Australian Migration

Australia: Settler Arrivals by Birthplace, to Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Long Term Visitor Arrivals by Birthplace, to Source: DIAC unpublished data

Overseas Students in Australian Universities, 1983 to 2011 Source: DEEWR Students: Selected Higher Education Statistics, various issues

Australia: Short Term Arrivals and Departures of Total Asia and Pacific-born Persons, to Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Ten Largest Overseas-born Birthplace Groups, 1961 to 2011 Source: Australian Censuses

Recent Trends in Asian to Australia Migration Increasing dominance of China and India Increased focus on skill in selection Role of student movement Increasing transition from temporary to permanent migration Majority of women in some birthplace flows Increasing diversity of flows, 457s, students, WHMs Manage migration of more importance

Key Elements in Australia-Asian Migration Return migration Australia-born migration to Australia Increased temporary flow of Australia-born to Asia Increased temporary flow of Asian settlers back to Asia

Australia: Permanent Departures of Australia, Asia and Pacific Born to Asia and Pacific Regions, to Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Long Term Departures to Asia of Australia and Overseas-born, to Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Short Term Departures to Asia of Australia and Overseas-born, to Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: SE Asian Country of Birth, Permanent Arrivals and Departures, to Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Permanent Migration In and Out, to Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Short Term Visits to Australia by Asia-born by Reasons for travel, Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Short Term Visits to Asia by Australia- born by Reasons for travel, Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Number of Asia-born Individual Persons Travelling Into and Out of Australia Temporarily According to Their Resident Status, Source: DIAC unpublished data

Australia: Number Temporary Moves Into and Out of Australia Made by Asia-born Persons According to Their Resident Status, Source: DIAC unpublished data

Movement Between China and Australia Source:DIAC unpublished data

World output shares Source: Australian Government 2012

Share of world output growth Source: Australian Government 2012

Some Implications North-south migration is less dominant Significant flows to Asian countries, especially the economies undergoing rapid growth Potential development impacts in Asian countries Increased need for international cooperation Importance of Diaspora Policy Failure of standard data collections