8 th Grade Physical Science SOL Review SOL’s PS.2-11

SOL PS.2 Anything that has mass and takes up space? Matter All matter is made up of tiny particles called? Atoms Pure substance made up of only one kind of atom? Element

Two or more elements chemically combined? Compound Two or more substances physically combined? Mixture What are the three main phases of matter? Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Matter with no shape or volume? Gas Matter with volume and no shape? Liquid Matter with shape and volume? Solid What is the name for the matter found in the stars that acts as a superheated gas? Plasma

What element is found in all organic compounds? Carbon Identify each characteristic as an acid, base, or neutral. pH of 0-6 Acid pH of 7 Neutral pH of 8-14 Base

Tastes Bitter Base Tastes Sour Acid Turns litmus paper red Acid Turns litmus paper blue Base

Starts with a Hydrogen ion Acid Ends with a Hydroxide ion Base What is formed when an acid reacts with a base? Salt and Water

What kind of properties are shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, and color? (Properties can be observed or measured) Physical Properties What kind of properties are acidity, basicity, combustibility, and reactivity? (Properties related to reactions) Chemical Properties

SOL PS.3 What scientist proved the atom existed? Dalton What scientist discovered the electron? Thomson What scientist discovered the center of the atom? Rutherford

What scientist stated the electrons orbited the nucleus? Bohr What is the name for the modern 3-D model of the atom? Electron Cloud Model What is the center of the atom called? Nucleus

Positive charged particle in the nucleus? Proton Particle with no charge in the nucleus? Neutron Negative charged particle outside of the nucleus? Electron Particles that make up the protons and neutrons? Quark

SOL PS.4 There are 110 known elements on the Periodic Table. Of those elements there are 92 found naturally while the others are produced in a laboratory. What makes every element on the Periodic Table different? Number of Protons (Atomic Number) What determines the arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table? Number of Protons (Atomic Number)

What are the 18 columns on the Periodic Table called? Groups or Families What are the 7 rows on the Periodic Table called? Periods Elements in the same family have similar properties and characteristics. What else do they normally have in common that has a major effect on chemical bonding? Valence Electrons

What are all of the elements on the right side of the staircase plus Hydrogen? Nonmetals What are all of the elements on the left side of the staircase plus Aluminum? Metals What are all of the elements on the staircase? Metalloids

What type of bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons? Covalent Bond (CNN) What type of bond is formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal? Ionic Bond (I’M N) What is an atom that gains or loses electrons called? Ion What is an atom that gains or loses neutrons called? Isotope

What tells you the number of atoms in a chemical bond? Subscript 2H 2 O H 2 O Aluminum has an atomic number of 13. Aluminum has an atomic mass of How many protons does Aluminum have? 13 (PE is number 1) How many neutrons does Aluminum have? 14 (Atomic mass-atomic number) How many electrons does Aluminum have? 13

SOL PS.5 What are changes in size, shape, or phase called? Physical Changes—change that happen but the original material is the same What are changes that produce new substances and energy? Chemical Changes—makes something new like tarnish, ash, rust What law states the total mass in a reaction remains the same plus energy only changes forms during a reaction and is never created or destroyed? Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy (e=mc 2 )

What is the left side of a chemical equation called? Reactant 2H 2 O + CO 2  4H + CO 4 What is the right side of a chemical equation called? Product What is a reaction that absorbs energy called? Endothermic Reaction What is a reaction that releases energy called? Exothermic Reaction

What type of nuclear reaction is the result of a nucleus splitting? Nuclear Fission What type of nuclear reaction is the result of two nucleus combining? Nuclear Fusion Nuclear energy changes a small amount of matter into a large supply of energy. What is the biggest problem with nuclear energy? Storage of Nuclear Waste

SOL PS.6 What is the ability to do work? Energy What is stored energy or the energy of position called? Potential Energy (chemical, gravitational, elastic) What is the energy of motion called? Kinetic Energy (electrical,mechanical,etc)

Identify the examples of energy. Fire, Friction Thermal (Heat) Sun, Homer Simpson’s Power Plant, Uranium Nuclear Food, Fuel, Batteries, Plants. Chemical Simple Machines, Wind, Water, Sound. Mechanical

Circuits, Lightning, Solar Cells. Electrical What kind of energy is visible light? Radiant What is some energy always lost as during an energy transformation? Thermal Energy

What energy transformation takes place in each example? Photosynthesis? Light to Chemical Flashlight? Chemical to Electrical to Light + Heat

SOL PS.7 What is the transfer of thermal energy between substances of different temperatures called? Heat What increases when thermal energy is added to a substance? Temperature What does temperature measure in a substance? Kinetic Energy

What is the name for the temperature when all molecular activity stops – Zero Kinetic Energy? Absolute Zero What is the SI Unit for temperature? Celsius What is the temperature scale that measure absolute zero? Kelvin

(True/False) During a phase change (freezing, melting, condensing, evaporating, boiling, and vaporizing) the temperature does not change. True Heat transfer by contact? Ex – Burning your hand on the stove. Conduction Heat transfer by fluids? Ex – Water warm rises while it boils on a stove. Convection

Heat transfer through outer space? Ex – The Sun’s Rays Radiation-rays-one direction How do the particles in a substance move when it is heated? Faster and farther apart How do the particles in a substance move when it is cooled? Slower and closer together

SOL PS.8 How are sound waves produced? By vibrations What travels faster sound or light? Light What happens to the speed of sound if the temperature or the density increases? Speed of sound increases The hotter it is, the faster speed travels.

Sound cannot travel without this? Matter (cannot travel through a vacuum) Called a medium Does sound travel faster in the air or water? Water (sounds travels even faster in solids) What type of wave is a sound wave? Compression (Longitudinal) Looks like a slinky

What part of a sound wave is the wave is pressed together? Compression What part of a sound wave is the wave spread apart? Rarefaction What is the distance from like points on a wave called? Ex - Crest to Crest or Compression to Compression Wavelength What term describes how often the waves pass by? Frequency

What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? Wavelength increases, Frequency decreases What property results in a sound wave bouncing and allows echolocation, SONAR, ultrasound, and sonograms to function? Reflection What is the term for an objecting vibrating at its own natural frequency? Ex - Tuning fork Resonance

What is it called when two waves interact (overlap) and combine? Interference SOL PS.9 What type of wave is a light wave? Transverse What is the top of a transverse wave called? Crest

Does light travel faster in the air or water? Air What is the bottom of a transverse wave called? Trough What is the distance a wave moves from the line of origin to the crest or trough? Amplitude

What is the term for a light wave bending as it changes speeds? Ex - Light does this as it moves from air to water. Refraction (straw looks bent in water) What is the term for a wave bending around an obstacle? Diffraction What are the first three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? Radio Waves, Microwaves, and Infrared Waves

What is the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum? Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet What are the final three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? UV Rays, X Rays, and Gamma Rays What properties change as you move across the spectrum and create the different types of light waves? Wavelength decreases, Frequency increases

Which part of the spectrum has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and least energy? Radio Waves Which part of the spectrum has the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and highest energy? Gamma Rays

Which type of mirror produces a smaller, upright image? Concave Mirror Which type of mirror can produce both an upright and inverted image? Convex Mirror Lenses always refract light. What is light always refracted towards? The thickest part of the lenses

SOL PS.10 What is the distance an object travels in a given time? (Distance divided by time) Speed What measures both speed and direction? Velocity What is the change in velocity over time? Acceleration

What are the three ways to accelerate? Speed Up, Slow Down, Change Directions Why is an object constantly accelerating if it is traveling in a circular motion? Constantly changing directions

Identify Newton’s Laws of Motion An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest until an outside force is applied. Ex - Law of Inertia Newton’s First Law Force = Mass x Acceleration Newton’s Second Law For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Ex - Rocket fires its engines downward to lift off Newton’s Third Law

What is the amount of matter in an object? Mass What is the force of gravity pulling down on an object? Weight What is the name for a push or pull? Force What is the unit for force? Newtons

What are the two conditions needed for work? Force and Movement Why is Mechanical Efficiency always less than 100%? (Work Output less than Work Input) Friction (Lost Heat Energy) What type of simple machine is a ramp or screw? Inclined Plane

What type of simple machine is used to operate a flagpole? Pulley What type of simple machine is a rake, scissors, and see-saw? Lever What type of simple machine always contains a fulcrum? Lever

SOL PS.11 What does the flow of electrons create? Electric Current What is any force that opposes an electric current? Resistance What is the buildup of electric charges called? Static Electricity

What is a circuit with only one path called? Series Circuit What is a circuit with more than one path called? Parallel Circuit Which circuit will not work if there is one break in the circuit? Series Circuit

What is a current that flows back and forth? Alternating What is a current that flows in one direction? Direct What is the energy of the current measured in volts? Voltage

What are substances that allow electricity to flow called? Ex - Copper and most other metals Conductors What are substances that do not allow electricity to flow called? Ex - Rubber, Plastic, Glass Insulators What do we call diodes, transmitters, and other substances that can control the flow of electricity in circuits? Semiconductors

(True/False) Electric currents and magnetic fields can be used to create each other. True What is an example of electricity creating magnetism and magnetism creating electricity? Electric Motors; Generators What are the two ways you can strengthen an electromagnet if the battery is kept the same? Bigger nail, more coils of wire around the nail

What is created when domains align in certain metals? Magnetism What do opposite charges or poles do? Attract What do like charges or poles do? Repel Where is a magnet the strongest? Poles