Section 1: The First Texans Main Ideas Historians organize the past into eras to make their studies more manageable. Anthropologists and archaeologists study the remains of early cultures to learn about the first Texans. Question: What are the eras into which historians have divided Texas history?

ERA DATES CHARACTERISTICS Natural Texas and Its People Age of Contact Spanish Colonial Period Mexican National Period Revolution and Republic Early Statehood Before only American Indians in Texas complex American Indian societies across the state first Europeans reached Texas in 1528 earliest contact between Europeans and American Indians in Texas Spanish efforts to establish control building of missions, forts, and other settlements began with Mexican independence from Spain efforts to bring settlers to Texas rebellion against Mexico and establishment of independent republic struggles of a young country Texas joined United States in 1845 many challenges, including war, boundary issues, and population growth

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The First Americans  It is thought that most Native Americans are descendents from people that crossed over from Asia to America on a land bridge– the Bering Land bridge.  As the world's glaciers and ice sheets melted over the following millennia, rising sea level flooded the land bridge. This picture demonstrates the diminishing of the bridge over thousands of years

Migration Paths Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians,

 Paleo-Indians were the first to come over the land bridge  Archeologist believe they were the ancestors of the Chickasaws  Living between 10,000 BC to 1000 BC The First Natives Americans

American Indians in Texas An Overview Coahuiltecans Caddo Karankawa Jumano Atakapa Apache Wichita Chris Aigner

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians,

Section 2: The Western Gulf Culture Area Main Ideas The Karankawas, who lived along the Gulf Coast, hunted and gathered plants to survive. The Coahuiltecans lived in dry southern Texas. Question: What are some similarities and differences between the Karankawas and the Coahuiltecans?

Karankawas Coahuiltecans Gulf Coastal Plain (near coast in fall and winter; inland in spring and summer) South Texas Plains along coast: fish; inland: bison and deer various plants rich and varied diet Group Location Foods Clothing/ Appearance Shelter wigwams temporary shelters made of hides laid over branches game animals hunted with bows and arrows gourds and squashes little clothing men: deerskin breechcloths women: deerskin or grass skirts painted bodies in bright colors men: little clothing women: grass or deerskin skirts long hair for both men and women

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Coahuiltecan  Many similar groups of Indians in the same area  called the Coahuiltican Indians out of convenience  South Texas, Eastern Mexico  Hunter/Gatherers

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Coahuiltecan  Wickiups, sometimes  Little clothing, if any  Made sandles out of lechuguilla plants

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Karankawa  Galveston and Corpus Christi area  Food= fish fish fish!  Clothing  Men: breach cloths or nothing at all  Women: grass skirts  Lived in wickiups during the winter  Got around in canoes  Could hold a family and all their possessions  Larger than most Native Americans at 6’

Karankawa Had appointed chiefs to lead villages Nomads, made dugout canoes, died out from European diseases Click on picture 13

Section 3: The Southeastern Culture Area Main Ideas The Caddos of East Texas were advanced farmers. The Wichitas hunted and farmed to survive. Atapaka settlements developed differently based on their locations. Question: What traits did the Caddos, Wichitas, and Atakapas have in common?

Caddo (Plains Group) Lived in the coastal plains Got their food by farming-ate fruits, vegetables and grains Lived in Grass Huts made out of wooden frames and dry grasses Worked together as a confederacy Called “mound builders”, made pottery, moved to Oklahoma, Gave Texas its name 15

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Wichita  Tattoos— “raccoon- eyed people”  Wore clothes made of tanned hides  Men: shirts, loin cloths and leggings  Women: dresses that reached from their chin to their ankles  Moccasins  Elk teeth were very valuable  trade items with neighboring tribes

Wee-Ta-Ra-Sha-Ro, Head Chief of the Wichita. Painted by George Catlin in 1834

ATAKAPA Southwest Lousiana and Texas (near present day Houston to Homma, Louisiana Called the Ishak or “the People” Ritual Cannibalism Great traders, first to have contact with Spanish Explorers in Texas

CADDOS WICHITASATAKAPAS permanent villages dwellings of wooden poles covered with grass farmed beans, corn, squash hunted buffalo, deer wore tattoos rich farmland farmed corn fished; hunted buffalo men wore breechcloths made pottery wore tattoos farmed corn hunted buffalo wore tattoos

Section 4: The Pueblo Culture Area Main Ideas Some Jumanos were farmers who lived in villages, while others roamed the plains hunting buffalo. Disease, drought, and attacks ended Jumano culture. Question: What were some of the problems faced by the Jumanos?

Jumano (Pueblo Group) Lived in the mountains near the Rio Grande River Got their food by farming-ate dried corn, squash and beans Lived in Adobe Pueblos Each village had a leader with its own government Cooked using a hollow gourd, traded with other tribes

European diseases droughts in the 1600s and 1700s Apache warfare by mid-1700s, Jumanos lost control of much of their land Jumanos had no immunity; many died less water for irrigation led to crop failure; plains grasses died, drove buffalo away

Section 5: The Plains Culture Area Main Ideas Plains Indians, including the Tonkawas, hunted buffalo. The Apaches, Comanches, and Kiowas were fierce warrior groups in Texas. Question: What was life like for the American Indians of the Texas Great Plains?

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Tonkawa  “The people of the wolf”  Believed descended from mythical wolf  Totemic belief system  each clan had a mythical animal or spirit to guard them Click the picture or the wolf on the next slide for more information.

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Tonkawa  Tattooed bodies  Hill country of central Texas  Shared land with the Karankawa and Coahuiltecan  Friendly, but enemies with Comanche and Apache tribes  Hunted and gathered food  Fish, deer, blackberries  Lived in huts, wickiups and tee-peeswickiups

Plains Indians ApachesComanchesKiowas lived in bands used horses to hunt used buffalo hides for many purposes some farmed often raided other groups depended on horses lived in bands led by two chiefs were skilled hunters were skilled warriors controlled much of the northern and western Texas plains hunted buffalo gathered berries, fruits, and nuts traded were skilled fighters wore hides, ate pemmican

Lipan Apache (Plains Group ) Lived in the South Texas plains Got their food by hunting- ate buffalo Lived in teepees One chief led the tribe Nomads, made pottery, moved to reservation in early 1900’s 29

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Apaches  Migrated to Texas from Canada  “Apache” is probably Zuni which means “enemy”Apache  The Apache and Navajo called themselves the Dine  Dine in Apache or Navajo means "the people”  Built wickiups and teepees  Semi-sedentary  Farmed and hunted

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Apaches  Wore leather boots and wide cloth headbands  After the horse, stopped farming to hunt  Pushed further south by Comanche  Two groups: Lipan and Mescaleros  Sought refuge in Spanish missions but treated like slaves  Geronimo- famous leader of the Mescalero Apaches Apaches  1870s- led a famous raid in southern New Mexico and far west Texas

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, The Comanche  Migrated from Wyoming  Hunters and gatherers  Used the horse for their main source of transportation and food-getting  “Well dressed”  The Comanche leaders often wore fine European clothes, with many silver conchos and fine leather boots.

American Indians in Texas American Indians are the ancestors of our country and our state. What can we take away from their lives to apply to our own? Think about it! 36

COMPARING THE TEXAS TRIBES

Chapter Wrap-Up How were the lives of the Caddos similar to and different from those of the Jumanos? In what ways were Texas Plains Indian groups similar to one another? How did new tools and technologies affect American Indians in Texas?