Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Expansive Realm of Islam 1

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 BACKGROUND  ISLAM: When translated from Arabic, means "to submit to the will of Allah"  Youngest of the world’s major religions  MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION: Focuses belief on one god  Followers are MUSLIM: Means "one who submits to the will of Allah."

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3 BACKGROUND  Currently the second most practiced religion in the world, and experts predict that it will overtake Christianity as the most popular religion in the world sometime during the 21st century.

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4 FOUNDER Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN Developed on the Arabian Peninsula in the year 622 CE, and quickly spread to other regions. CURRENTLY PRACTICED Most dominant throughout the Middle East, including Southwest Asia and North Africa

6 SIGNIFICANT WRITINGS The teachings of Islam are collected in the Qur'an (Koran) PLACES OF WORSHIP Muslims may gather to worship in temples called mosques SIGNIFICANT RELIGIOUS PEOPLE CALIPH: Successor to the Prophet Mohammed IMAM: Leader of prayers MUEZZIN: One who issues a call to prayer, causing the faithful to gather at the local mosque

TEACHINGS AND BELIEFS  Muhammad received the word of God, or Allah, through the angel Gabriel while living in the city of Mecca. Townspeople soon became fearful of Muhammad's preaching and he began to receive threats.  As a result, he fled to the nearby city of Medina, where people began to believe in his message. The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina was instrumental to the founding of the religion of Islam, and is known as the Hegira (Hijra). Thus, in 622 CE Islam was founded and this date became the starting point for the Islamic calendar. 7

TEACHINGS AND BELIEFS  Muhammad and his followers later returned to Mecca and declared a jihad, or holy war, after which he captured the city. Under Muhammad's leadership, the basic teachings of Islam were established, which are known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Every Muslim is expected to follow these rules in order to lead an ethical life 8

TEACHINGS AND BELIEFS FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 1. Confession of Faith: The belief that "there is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is His prophet." 2. Prayer: Muslims must pray five times per day, facing towards Mecca. 3. Charity: Muslims must give alms to the poor, and support the local Mosque by donating a portion of their income. 4. Fasting: During the Ramadan, the ninth month of the Muslim calendar, all Muslims must fast during daylight hours, except the very young or sick. 5. Pilgrimage: If possible financially, each Muslim must make a hajj, or holy pilgrimage, to the city of Mecca. 9

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca  Orphaned as a child  Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant  Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula 11

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Visions c. 610 CE  Archangel Gabriel  Monotheism  Attracts followers to Mecca  The “last prophet of God” according to the Quran 12

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Record of revelations received during Muhammad’s visions  Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies 632)  Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith 13

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans (Roman tradition)  Economic threat to existing religious industry  Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy 14

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  622 CE: Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) to escape persecution in native Mecca  Considered Year 0 (Zero) in Muslim calendar  Gains and organizes followers into communal society (the umma)  Legal, spiritual code  Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma 15

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  MUHAMMAD: Seen as the final prophet  Islam viewed as culmination and correction of Judaism, Christianity  the ultimate word of God  Inheritor of both Jewish and Christian texts 16

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  630: Attack on Mecca  Conversion of Mecca to Islam  Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques  Ka’aba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca  Approved as pilgrimage site 17

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  No god but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet  Daily prayer  Fasting during Ramadan  holiest period of year for Muslims  Islamic holy month  9 th month in Islamic calendar  Charity  Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) 18

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  JIHAD: Represents “struggle” to avoid greed and desire  Against vice  Against ignorance of Islam  GOAL: Launch a “holy war” in a quest to retain the holy land of Muslims and protect their religion 20

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  SHARI’A (“Law of Islam”): Codification of Islamic law  said to “come from Allah”  Moral code  Religious law  Developed after Muhammad dies 22

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis  Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity  extends to secular law and personal matters 23

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  CALIPH: A “deputy” or disciple of Muhammad  No clear to successor to Muhammad identified  632 CE: Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph  not a direct descendant of Muhammad 25

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad  sought to expand the “House of Islam” (dar al-Islam) 26

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  DAR AL-ISLAM (“House of Islam”): Quest to expand the empire begun with Abu Bakr  Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid territories  Spread Islamic influence into North Africa  Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory 27

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Disagreements over selection of caliphs after Muhammad’s death leads to emergence of two sects  Sunni and Shi’a  632: Ali (Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law) passed over for Abu Bakr (advisor) as caliph (Khalifa) 29

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  ALI: Temporarily served as caliph CE, then assassinated along with most of his followers by Abu Bakr’s supporters 30

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Remaining followers of Ali organize separate party called “Shi’a” (Shiites)  Traditionalists: Sunni (majority sect)  caliph should be one who deserves it most  Reformers: Shi’a (minority sect)  caliph should be descendant of Ali 31

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Emerged from Meccan merchant class  Capital: Damascus, Syria  moved from Mecca  Associated with Arab military aristocracy  Calmed down the succession crisis 34

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent  Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims  Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims  Luxurious living by Umayyads causes further decline in moral authority 35

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Abu al-Abbas: Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims  Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia  750: Defeats Umayyad army  Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them 36

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab)  Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion  Dar al-Islam  Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces 37

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Persian influence  Court at Baghdad (Iraq)  Influence of Islamic scholars (ulama, qadi) 38

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  High point of Abbasid dynasty  Baghdad (Iraq): Became center of commerce  Great cultural activity 39

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid  Provincial governors assert regional independence  Dissenting sects, heretical movements  Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility  Later, Saljuq (Seljuk) Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne 40

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Spread of food and industrial crops  Trade routes from India to Spain  Western diet adapts to wide variety  New crops adapted to different growing seasons  Agricultural sciences develop  Cotton, paper industries develop  Major cities emerge 41

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Historical precedent of Arabic trade  Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes  Ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10 th century  Camel caravans conducted most overland trade  served by caravanserais (roadside inns) 42

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Maritime trade  Arab and Persian mariners borrowed the compass from the Chinese  Borrowed the lateen sail from southeast Asian and Indian mariners  Borrowed astrolabe from the Hellenistic mariners 43

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Scale of trade causes banks to develop  Sakk (“check”)  Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes trade  Joint ventures common 44

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Early 8 th century: Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa (Moors) take Spain  Capital established in Cordoba  Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty  Formed own caliphate  Tensions, but interrelationship  Products from region known for great quality 45

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Quran improves status of women  Outlawed female infanticide  Brides, not husbands, claim dowries  Yet male dominance preserved  Patrilineal descent  Polygamy (multiple wives for men) permitted  Polyandry (multiple husbands for women) forbidden  Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice 46

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Islamic values  Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam  Establishment of madrasas (Islamic schools)  Importance of the Hajj  Sufi missionaries  SUFIS: Adherents to the mystical, ascetic essence of Islam  Developed into new sect of Islam  Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians  Wide popularity and most effective missionaries of Islam 47

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Major Sufi thinker from Persia  Believed human reason was too frail and confusing  Impossible to intellectually understand Allah  personal devotion, mystical ecstasy instead 48

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Persia  Techniques in government administration and governance borrowed from Sasanids  Literary works most impressive  India  Mathematics (algebra and trigonometry), science, medicine ▪ “Hindi” numerals (called Arabic numerals by Europeans) 49

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.  Greece  Muslim philosophers liked works of Plato and Aristotle  Ibn Rushd (aka Averroes) ( ) turned to teachings of Aristotle 50