Chapter 13 The Expansive Realm of Islam 1©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Muhammad and His Message Born about 570 C.E. to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow ca. 595 C.E., works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Visions, ca. 610 C.E. Archangel Gabriel Monotheism – Allah Attracts followers in Mecca ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3

The Quran Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing ca. 650 C.E. (Muhammad dies 632 C.E.) Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith 4 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Conflict at Mecca Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industry Denunciation of greed was affront to local aristocracy 5 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Hijra Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 C.E.  Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma 6 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The “Seal of the Prophets” Muhammad – the final prophet Accepted the authority of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Held in high esteem Hebrew scriptures and the Christian New Testament Muhammad had been entrusted a more complete revelation, one that communicated Allah’s plan for the world 7 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630 C.E. Conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques  Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca  Approved as pilgrimage site 8 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Ka’ba 9 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) 10 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Muslims at Prayer 11 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Jihad “Struggle”  Against vice  Against ignorance of Islam “Holy war”  Against unbelievers who threaten Islam 12 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity 13 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Caliph No clear to successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad 14 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Expansion of Islam Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid territories Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory 15 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Expansion of Islam, C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 16

The Shia Disagreements over selection of caliphs Ali passed over for Abu Bakr Served as caliph C.E., then assassinated along with most of his followers Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia” Traditionalists: Sunni ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 17

Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala 18 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Umayyad Dynasty ( C.E.) From Meccan merchant class Brought stability to the Islamic community Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy 19 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority 20 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Abbasid Dynasty ( C.E.) Abu al-Abbas, Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non- Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 C.E.  Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them 21 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Content to administer the empire they had inherited Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces 22 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Abbasid Administration Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on the Quran and sharia 23 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Caliph Harun al-Rashid ( C.E.) High point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerce Great cultural activity 24 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governors assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence; sultan real power behind the throne 25 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops  Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing seasons  Agricultural sciences develop  Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emerge 26 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes  Ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, tenth century Camel caravans Maritime trade ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 27

Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop  Sakk (“check”) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al- Islam promotes trade Joint ventures common 28 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) Muslim Berber conquerors from north Africa take Spain, early eighth century Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty  Formed own caliphate  Tensions, but interrelationship 29 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of women  Outlawed female infanticide  Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance preserved  Patrilineal descent  Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden  Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice 30 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values  Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam  Establishment of madrasas  Importance of the hajj Sufi missionaries  Asceticism, mysticism  Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians  Wide popularity ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31

Al-Ghazali ( ) Major Sufi thinker from Persia Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead 32 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cultural Influences on Islam Persia  Administration and governance  literature India  Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece  Philosophy, especially Aristotle  Ibn Rushd/Averroes ( ) 33 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.