 SUBJECT: ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT  DEPARTMENT :EC  SEM:3 rd  PREPARED BY: PARIHAR SHIPRA A. ( ) PARMAR KINYARI P. ( ) PATEL DHARA H. ( ) GUIDED BY: Ruchi Patel Mr. Viral Patel Mr. Arpan

Objectives of the chapter Definition Function of Management Nature of Management Scope of Management Principles of management Scientific principles Administrative principles

Definitions Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling organizational resources. Organizational resources include men(human beings), money, machines and materials.

Four Functions of Management

Planning Defining goals, establishing strategy and developing sub plans to choose alternatives and coordinate activities

Organizing Deciding where decisions will be made Who will do what jobs and tasks Who will work for whom

Leading  Leadership involves using power, personality, and influence, persuasion, and communication skills  Outcome of leadership is highly motivated and committed workforce

Motivating Inspiring LeadingLeading

Controlling Monitoring progress towards goal achievement and taking corrective action when needed

Scope of Management: The scope of management is not yet clearly laid out because it is a developing science. Even then the following fields may be said to generally fall under Management:- 1. Demand Analysis and Forecasting 2. Cost and Production Analysis 3. Pricing Decisions, Policies and Practices 4. Profit Management 5. Capital Management

1.Demand Analysis and Forecasting:  A business firm is an economic organisation which is engaged in transforming productive resources into goods that are to be sold in the market.  A major part of managerial decision making depends on accurate estimates of demand.  A forecast of future sales serves as a guide to management for preparing production schedules and employing resources. It will help management to maintain or strengthen its market position and profit base.

2.Cost and production analysis :  Production processes are under the charge of engineers but the business manager is supposed to carry out the production function analysis in order to avoid wastages of materials and time.  The main topics discussed under cost and production analysis are: Cost concepts, cost-output relationships, Economics and Diseconomies of scale and cost control.

3.Pricing decisions, policies and practices :  Pricing is a very important area of Managerial Economics. In fact, price is the genesis of the revenue of a firm ad as such the success of a business firm largely depends on the correctness of the price decisions taken by it.  The important aspects dealt with this area are: Price determination in various market forms, pricing methods, differential pricing, product-line pricing and price forecasting.

4.Profit management :  Business firms are generally organized for earning profit and in the long period, it is profit which provides the chief measure of success of a firm.  Economics tells us that profits are the reward for uncertainty bearing and risk taking.  A successful business manager is one who can form more or less correct estimates of costs and revenues likely to accrue to the firm at different levels of output. The more successful a manager is in reducing uncertainty, the higher are the profits earned by him.  In fact, profit-planning and profit measurement constitute the most challenging area of Managerial Economics.

5.Capital management :  The problems relating to firm’s capital investments are perhaps the most complex and troublesome.  The main topics dealt with under capital management are cost of capital, rate of return and selection of projects.

Principles of Management Develop a science for each element of a man’s work, which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the workmen. Cooperate with the men to insure all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science. There is almost equal division of the work and the responsibility between management and workmen.

Scientific Management

1. Division of Work: allows for job specialization. Work should be divided among individuals and groups. 2. Authority and Responsibility: Authority right to give orders. Responsibility involves being answerable Whoever assumes authority assumes responsibility. 3. Discipline: Common efforts of workers. 4. Unity of Command: Employees should have only one boss. 5. Unity of Direction: A single plan of action to guide the organization. Administrative Management

6. Centralization: The degree to which authority rests at the top of the organization. 7. Scalar Chain: Chain like authority scale. 8. Order: The arrangement of employees where they will be of the most value to the organization. 9. Equity: The provision of justice and fair dealing