Everything is connected ENERGY AUTOTROPHSHETEROTROPHS ChemosynthesisPhotosynthesisCell Respiration Evolution Light ReactionBreak down food Calvin Cycle Krebs Cycle (Dark Reaction)Electron Transport Chain

The chemical formula for Photosynthesis

Plant & Animal Cells need CHEMICAL ENERGY In the form of ATP ADENOSINE TRI PHOSPHATE

Where does the energy come from? How can it be recycled? To get energy – Remove a PO 4 Group & ENERGY is Released. The molecule then becomes ______ Recycling Energy ! ADD A PO4, YOU GET_________ THIS IS CALLED PHOSPHORYLATION

PHOTOSYNTHESIS & CELL RESPIRATION ARE LINKED Fill in the Blanks O2O2 H2OH2O SUNLIGHT CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIA CO 2 ATP PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELL RESPIRATION

Answers SUNLIGHT CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRIA PHOTOSYNTHESIS ATP O2O2 H2OH2O CO 2 CELL RESPIRATION

LEAVES ARE WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE

<<<< -Plant Transport-<>

Chlorophyll

SUNLIGHT REACTS IN THE CHLOROPLAST STROMA Gel-like substance surrounds Granum Granum stack of Thylakoids Thylakoid (1)

A closer look at the Thylakoid

LIGHT HAS MANY COLORS THE COLOR WE SEE IS VISIBLE LIGHT

WHAT COLOR LIGHT DO PLANTS ABSORB TO MAKE GLUCOSE? RED, BLUE & VIOLET ARE BEST THEY REFLECT OTHER COLORS LIKE GREEN, YELLOW, ETC

Plant pigments CHLOROPHYLL a IS THE PRIMARY ONE- green blue CHLOROPHYLL b IS ANOTHER ONE- green olive, yellowish Carotenoids are yellow, orange and red pigments

Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis Introduction 4-I Chromatology Key Concepts I Design of the Experiment I Closer Look: Depositing the Pigment Pigment Separation Analysis of Results I Lab Quiz I 4-II Photosynthesis Key Concepts I: Plant Pigment Chromatography Paper chromatography is a technique used to separate a mixture into its component molecules. The molecules migrate, or move up the paper, at different rates because of differences in solubility, molecular mass, and hydrogen bonding with the paper. For a simple, beautiful example of this technique, draw a large circle in the center of a piece of filter paper with a black water-soluble, felt-tip pen. Fold the paper into a cone and place the tip in a container of water. In just a few minutes you will have tie-dyed filter paper! The green, blue, red, and lavender colors that came from the black ink should help you to understand that what appears to be a single color may in fact be a material composed of many different pigments —and such is the case with chloroplasts.Stud this figure; you will return to it later.pigmentschloroplasts

PHOTOSYSTEM II & I PS II PSI

Oxidation & Reduction Reduction is… When an atom gains an e- its charge is reduced. It becomes negative Oxidation is … When an atom loses an e- its charge becomes positive. Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration is a series of oxidation/reduction reactions.

PHOTOSYSTEM II happens 1 ST ! STEP 1. Sunlight is absorbed by leaves. H 2 O is present in the cells of the leaves. STEP 2. The Sunlight splits the H 2 O so that O is released by the stomata in the leaves into the atmosphere. STEP 3. H 2 + from the water (H 2 O) is energized & gets carried by NADP, an electron transporter. It carries electrons along the Thylakoid membrane. The NADP becomes NADPH. This is called a reduction. NADP picked up a charged H+

MOVING OF e-’S IN THE THYLAKOID MEMBRANE NADP+ accepts e- to become NADPH. It is an e- carrier. The movement of e-’s causes ATP to be created. NADP

STEP 1. H+ gets into the Thylakoid membrane via the ATP SYNTHASE CHANNEL. It is a membrane protein which transports the H+ into the thylakoid space. Step 2. ADP is inside the thylakoid space. PO 4 is also inside the thylakoid. The H+ energy is used to convert the ADP to ATP by adding a PO 4. Photophosphorylation PHOTOSYSTEM I

PHOTOSYSTEM II & I PS II PSI

Cyclic & Non-Cyclic Light Reaction There are 2 routes for electron flow The most common is Non-cyclic. Use of PSII and PSII. Both ATP & NADPH are created Cyclic creates only ATP using only PSII –If NADPH is at a high level, then this plant cells shift from noncyclic to cyclic. Once ATP is depleted or low, then Non-cyclic will occur.

Non-Cyclic Electron flow of Light Reaction

Cyclic Electron flow of light reaction

Non-cyclic occurring on thylakoid membrane Chemiosmosis accumulation of H+ ions inside thylakoid

Non-cyclic occurring on thylakoid membrane The accumulation of H+ causes the pH to drop which creates a concentration gradient of H+ ATP is synthesized using this gradient. H+ flows from inside thylakoid membrane to the stroma.

PS II, PS I & CALVIN CYCLE OUTPUTS OF Calvin PRODUCT OF Calvin Cycle

CALVIN CYCLE AKA DARK REACTION Inputs- CO2,ATP, NADPH (reactants) from PSII, PSI Outputs- C6H12O6, NADP, ADP This step makes the product GLUCOSE OCCURS IN THE STROMA of the chloroplast No Sunlight is needed for this step Enzyme needed is Rubisco to catalyze CO2 with RuBP (rubilose biphosphate, a 5 carbon sugar, which accepts CO2 The CALVIN CYCLE Oxidizes ATP TO ADP & Oxidizes NADPH TO NADP + (REMOVAL OF e-)

C-4 & CAM PLANTS CACTI do not OPEN THEIR STOMATA during the day. It is too hot! If they open their stomata to get CO 2 the cacti would lose water. The cacti open their stomata at night to take in CO2. It is stored inside the cells of the cacti in the cytoplasm of the mesophyll cells. During the night the stored CO 2 is used to perform the Calvin Cycle tropical environment plants slightly close stomata to avoid losing water (photorespiration). In the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells they us PEP carboxylase, an enzyme, which reacts with CO2 to form a 4 carbon intermediate molecule- oxaloacetate

C-4 pathway

C-4 v CAM plants