1. CHAPTER 6 Photosynthesis

2. Section 1:
The Light Reactions

3. The Light Reactions
Almost all of the energy in living systems comes from the sun.
Sunlight energy enters living systems when plants and some other organisms absorb light in the process of photosynthesis.

4. The Light Reactions
During photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of molecules such as ATP and glucose.

5. Obtaining Energy
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Organisms can be classified according to how they get energy.
Those that obtain their energy from the sun are called autotrophs.
Some examples include plants, algae, and some bacteria.
Organisms that obtain their energy from the foods they consume are called heterotrophs.
Some examples include animals, fungi, and some bacteria.

6. Obtaining Energy

7. Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis involves the use of light energy to convert water (H20) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into oxygen (O2) and high energy sugars (e.g. Glucose).

8. Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis can be divided into 2 stages:
Light Reactions – Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH.
Calvin Cycle – Sugars are formed using CO2 and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH.

9. Overview of Photosynthesis

10. Capturing Light Energy
In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires pigments.
Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs.
Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts.

11. Parts of the Chloroplast
Chloroplasts – organelles found in the cells of plants and algae
Thylakoids – membranes arranged as flattened sacs
Grana – stacks of thylakoids
Stroma – solution surrounding the grana

12. Parts of the Chloroplast
Stroma
Granum
Thylakoid
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13. Light and Pigments
Light from the sun appears white, but it is made of a variety of colors called the visible light spectrum.

14. Light and Pigments Pigments are compounds that absorb light.
Many objects contain pigments that absorb some colors of light and reflect others.
The colors that are reflected are the ones you see.

15. Chloroplast Pigments
There are several pigments in the thylakoid membranes.
Most important are chlorophylls.
Chlorophyll a absorbs mostly red and violet light and reflects mostly green light.
Accessory pigments
Chlorophyll b assists chlorophyll a in capturing light energy. It absorbs mostly blue light, as well as, some violet and orange light and reflects mostly green and yellow light.
Carotenoids absorb blue and green light and reflect yellow, orange, and red light.

16. Chloroplast Pigments Spectrum of Light and Plant Pigments
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17. Chloroplast Pigments
In plant leaves, chlorophylls are the most abundant pigments and therefore mask the colors of the other pigments.
During the fall, many plants lose their chlorophylls, and their leaves become the color of the carotenoids.

18. Light Reactions The first stage of photosynthesis.
Take place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
Require light energy to happen and are also referred to as the light-dependent reactions.

19. Light Reactions

20. Light Reactions
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

21. Inner Thylakoid Space (or Lumen)
Light Reactions
Photosynthesis begins when chlorophyll pigments absorb light and pass it on to electrons.
Inner Thylakoid Space (or Lumen)
Chlorophyll
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
Stroma
Thylakoid Membrane

22. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Light Reactions
These high-energy electrons are passed on to the electron transport chain (ETC).
Chlorophyll
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
High-energy electron

23. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Light Reactions
Enzymes in the thylakoid membrane break water molecules into:
Chlorophyll
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
High-energy electron

24. Light Reactions hydrogen ions oxygen atoms electrons Photosystem II
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Electron carriers
High-energy electron

25. Light Reactions
The hydrogen ions are released into the inner thylakoid space (or lumen).
Chlorophyll
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
High-energy electron

26. Light Reactions Oxygen is left behind and is released into the air.
Chlorophyll
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The light-dependent reactions take place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
High-energy electron

27. Light Reactions
The electrons from water replace the electrons that were already energized by chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
High-energy electron

28. Light Reactions
Energy from the electrons is used to transport H+ ions from the stroma into the inner thylakoid space (or lumen).
Chlorophyll
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

29. Light Reactions
High-energy electrons move through the electron transport to a second group of chlorophyll pigments.
Chlorophyll
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Chlorophyll

30. Light Reactions
Light strikes this second group of chlorophyll pigments to re-energize the electrons.
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Chlorophyll

31. Light Reactions
NADP+ then picks up these high-energy electrons and becomes NADPH.
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

32. Light Reactions + O2 2H2O 2 NADP+ 2 NADPH 2
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

33. Light Reactions
Soon, the inner thylakoid space (or lumen) is filled with hydrogen ions (H+ ions).
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

34. Light Reactions
The build-up of H+ ions provides the energy to make ATP.
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

35. Light Reactions H+ ions cannot cross the membrane directly.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

36. Light Reactions
The thylakoid membrane contains an enzyme called ATP synthase that allows H+ ions to pass through it.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

37. Light Reactions
As H+ ions pass through ATP synthase, the protein rotates.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

38. Light Reactions
As it rotates, ATP synthase connects ADP and a phosphate group to produce ATP.
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
ADP
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

39. Light Reactions
At the end of the light reactions, two energy carriers go on to power the Calvin cycle. What are the names of these two carriers?
ATP synthase
+ O2
2H2O
The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
ADP
2 NADP+ 2 2
NADPH

40. Light Reactions

41. Light Reactions Summary
Use:
H2O
Light Energy
Produce:
ATP
NADPH O2
used in the Calvin Cycle
diffuses out of the chloroplast and enters the atmosphere

42. Section 2:
The Calvin Cycle

43. The Calvin Cycle The second stage of photosynthesis.
Named after Melvin Calvin who was named “Mr. Photosynthesis” by Time magazine in 1961.
Sometimes referred to as the light-independent reactions or the dark reactions because the Calvin cycle does not require light directly.

44. The Calvin Cycle
ATP & NADPH from the light reactions are used as energy.
Six C02 molecules from the atmosphere are used to produce a single glucose molecule.
Takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.

45. The Calvin Cycle

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Steps in Calvin Cycle
Six carbon dioxide molecules enter the cycle from the atmosphere and combine with six 5-carbon molecules.
CO2 Enters the Cycle
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars.
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47. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Steps in Calvin Cycle
The result is twelve 3-carbon molecules, which are then converted into higher-energy forms.
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars.
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48. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Steps in Calvin Cycle
The energy for this conversion comes from ATP and high-energy electrons from NADPH.
Energy Input 12
12 ADP 12
NADPH
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars.
12 NADP+
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49. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Steps in Calvin Cycle
Two of twelve 3-carbon molecules are removed from the cycle.
Energy Input 12
12 ADP 12
NADPH
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars.
12 NADP+
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50. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Steps in Calvin Cycle
The molecules are used to produce glucose. 12
12 ADP 12
NADPH
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars.
12 NADP+
Glucose
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51. Steps in Calvin Cycle
The 10 remaining 3-carbon molecules are converted back into six 5-carbon molecules, which are used to begin the next cycle. 12
12 ADP
6 ADP 12
NADPH 6
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars.
12 NADP+
5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated
Glucose
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52. Calvin Cycle Summary Use: ATP NADPH CO2 Produce: Glucose (C6H12O6)
ADP & P
used in the Light Reactions

53. A Summary of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis happens in two stages:
The light reactions – Energy is absorbed from sunlight and converted into chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and NADPH.
The Calvin cycle – Carbon dioxide and the chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH are used to form sugars.

54. A Summary of Photosynthesis
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP + P
Light- dependent reactions
Calvin Cycle
Calvin cycle
The process of photosynthesis includes the light-dependent reactions as well as the Calvin cycle.
Chloroplast O2
Sugars
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55. A Summary of Photosynthesis
The process of photosynthesis can be summed up by the following chemical equation:
How does the plant use these sugars?
Energy (Cellular Respiration)
Storage - Cellulose/Starch
Light Energy
6 H2O +
6 CO2
6 O2 +
C6H12O6
(Glucose sugar)

56. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases until all the pigments are being used. At this saturation point, the rate of photosynthesis levels off because pigments cannot absorb any more light.
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57. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide Levels
The CO2 concentration affects the rate of photosynthesis in a similar manner. Once a certain concentration of CO2 is present, photosynthesis cannot proceed any faster.

58. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Temperature
Increasing temperatures accelerates the chemical reactions involved in photosynthesis. As a result, the rate of photosynthesis increases as temperature increases, over a certain range. The rate peaks at a certain temperature, at which many of the enzymes that catalyze the reactions become ineffective. Also, the stomata begin to close, limiting water loss and CO2 entry into the leaves. These conditions cause the rate of photosynthesis to decrease when the temperature is further increased.

59. Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Environmental Influences on Photosynthesis

60. Linking Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
The products of photosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration.
The products of cellular respiration are the reactants for photosynthesis.
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61. Question:
Why is photosynthesis considered to be the most important chemical reaction on Earth?

62. Photosynthesis Song